SCIENTIFIC WRITING. A) Consider the following passages and answer the questions:A) Consider the following passages and answer the questions: 1) What parts in passage b are different from those in passage a? 2) Why does passage b have better “flow” than passage a? 3) What words and phrases can help a writer maintain flow and establish clear relationships between ideas? Passage a: There are many causes of air pollution. There is the use of private cars. This can cause many breathing problems because of fumes. Other forms of transport cause air pollution, these are buses, boats and motorcycles. Factories produce gasses that go into the air causing pollution. These things make people's health suffer. Passage b: To begin with, there are many causes of air pollution. Firstly, there is the use of private cars. This can cause many breathing problems because of fumes. Furthermore, other forms of transport cause air pollution, for example buses, boats and motorcycles. In addition, factories produce gasses that go into the air causing pollution. All in all, these things make people's health suffer. http://greenforest.com.ua/blogs/post/207
B) Fill in the table with the linking words and phrases from the box:
Can you think of any other linking words and phrases? Add them to the table.
C) Fill in the gaps, using linking words and phrases: 1. Polls show that Tony Blair is the most popular Prime Minister this century. ______________, there are even members of his own party who are uneasy with his approach. a) In particular b) However c) For instance
2. Hemp was grown throughout history __________ its versatility; it can be used to make many different things. a) due to b) as a result c) since d) because
3. in nearly every country in the world they drive on the right, in England they insist on driving on the left. a) On the one hand b) While c) Nevertheless
4. Many species of wildlife are becoming extinct, __________ the rainforests are being destroyed. a) consequently b) therefore c) since d) so
5. __________ logging provides jobs and profits, the government is reluctant to control it. a) So b) Consequently c) Since d) Due to
6. Marijuana is less toxic than alcohol or tobacco. __________, some people believe it should be legalized. a) Therefore b) So c) Because d) Due to
7. The report is expected to be critical of the industry........., it is likely to recommend extensive changes to production. a) What's more b) Furthermore
8. It was announced that nurses' working hours would be increased by 25%. ______________, even fewer trainee nurses are expected to join the profession. a) As a result b) So that c) Likewise
9. ______________ it has been shown that fractures can occur at even relatively low pressures, the use of the material should not be completely discounted. a) Nevertheless b) Because c) Even though
10. Essays must be handed in by the deadline, ______________ they will not be marked. a) obviously b) otherwise c) as a result http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/570/pulp/hemp6.htm
D) Another way to maintain flow is to use this/these + summary word. Consider the following sentences and say what summary word is. 1) It seems that a successful scientist wants to find out how and why the universe works. This curiosity directs his/her attention towards problems which he/she notices have no satisfactory explanation. What does this curiosity refer to? 2) In the early 1960s American films and music spread to Europe and jeans came to symbolize a new culture and exciting lifestyle. This situation resulted in Levi Strauss’s international expansion. What does this situation refer to? What is the effect of using this instead of that?
E) Complete the following sentences: 1) According to the recent survey, about 40% of American children do not live with their fathers. This …… is determined by 2 factors – the high divorce rate and the large number of children born to unmarried mothers. 2) Radiation can harm without causing pain, which is the warning signal we expect from injuries. This …… makes radioactive products extremely dangerous. 3) The chief executive missed the last meeting. This …… gave rise to rumors about his health. 4) Early cars had only one cylinder, and the tyres on the wheels were made of iron or solid rubber. Modern cars are much faster and quieter. These …… have led to an increase in their sales. 5) Many employers are greatly concerned about the growing number of close relationships between members of the staff. This …… is having a very bad effect on both performance and morale.
F) Supply linking words or phrases that enhance the flow of the text: Computer games have been popular for decades now and many households have at least one. …… it can be seen that playing these games causes social, educational and personal problems of several kinds both to youngsters and society. ……, youngsters who spend a great deal of time in front of a monitor are not studying, playing sport, socializing or learning about life. The skills which they need in order to interact with others and succeed in the real world are not being nurtured. ……, studies have shown that this generation of young males is actually growing less than previous generations …… lack of exercise. Following from this, they are more likely to be overweight and less healthy, so more prone to diseases such as diabetes. ……, the games themselves are often quite violent and dangerously sexist. ……, there are games which show graphic fighting scenes where the most brutal is most applauded. Women are shown as either sexy, but weak, or as improbable amazons. Violence against women is often part of these games which encourages misogynistic behavior. The language tends to be violent and sexist which further adds to the problems of the lack of interaction and social skills. It is easy to imagine the effects of such games on young minds. If we wish children to grow up to become well-adjusted members of society, these games should be more tightly controlled. http://www.parapal-online.co.uk/resources/essays.html
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