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ÊÀÒÅÃÎв¯:
Àâòîìîá³ë³Á³îëîã³ÿÁóä³âíèöòâî³äïî÷èíîê ³ òóðèçìÃåîãðàô³ÿÄ³ì ³ ñàäÅêîëîã³ÿÅêîíîì³êàÅëåêòðîí³êà²íîçåìí³ ìîâè²íôîðìàòèêà²íøå²ñòîð³ÿÊóëüòóðà˳òåðàòóðàÌàòåìàòèêàÌåäèöèíàÌåòàëëóðã³ÿÌåõàí³êàÎñâ³òàÎõîðîíà ïðàö³Ïåäàãîã³êàÏîë³òèêàÏðàâîÏñèõîëîã³ÿÐåë³ã³ÿÑîö³îëîã³ÿÑïîðòÔ³çèêàÔ³ëîñîô³ÿÔ³íàíñèÕ³ì³ÿ
Черный пиар 18 ñòðàíèöà
Äàòà äîáàâëåíèÿ: 2015-08-29; ïðîñìîòðîâ: 634
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Òàáë. 1. Ñâîäíàÿ òàáëèöà óïîòðåáëåíèÿ íàñòîÿùèõ âðåìåí.
| Present Simple (Indefinite) Íàñòîÿùåå ïðîñòîå (íåîïðåäåëåííîå) | Present Continuous (Progressive) Íàñòîÿùåå äëèòåëüíîå | Present Perfect Íàñòîÿùåå ñîâåðøåííîå | Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Íàñòîÿùåå ñîâåðøåííî-äëèòåëüíîå | |
| Ïîñòîÿííûå ñèòóàöèè èëè ñîñòîÿíèÿ She works as a nurse. She owns a large shop. | Âðåìåííûå ñèòóàöèè They’re staying at the Park Hotel at present. | Íåäàâíî çàêîí÷èâøèåñÿ äåéñòâèÿ She has tidied her room. (Îíà çàêîí÷èëà óáîðêó êîìíàòû. Âû ìîæåòå âèäåòü, ÷òî êîìíàòà ñåé÷àñ óáðàíà. - Ðåçóëüòàò â íàñòîÿùåì) | Äåéñòâèÿ, íà÷àâøèåñÿ â ïðîøëîì è ïðîäîëæàþùèåñÿ äî íàñòîÿùåãî ìîìåíòà He’s been writing a letter for two hours. (Îí íà÷àë ïèñàòü äâà ÷àñà íàçàä è âñå åùå ïèøåò.) | |
| Ïîâòîðÿþùèåñÿ/ ïðèâû÷íûå äåéñòâèÿ (îñîáåííî ñ íàðå÷èÿìè ÷àñòîòíîñòè: often, usually è äð.) I usually get up at 7.30. | Äåéñòâèÿ, ïðîèñõîäÿùèå â ìîìåíò ðå÷è èëè â íàñòîÿùèé ïåðèîä âðåìåíè She is looking for a better job. | Çàêîí÷èâøèåñÿ ïðîøëûå äåéñòâèÿ, ñâÿçàííûå ñ íàñòîÿùèì, ñ óêàçàííîé èëè íå óêàçàííîé ññûëêîé íà âðåìÿ. I’ve met Madonna. (ß ìîãó âñòðåòèòüñÿ ñ íåé îïÿòü, òàê êàê îíà åùå æèâà – íå çàêîí÷èâøèéñÿ ïåðèîä âðåìåíè) He has just bought a car. | Ïðîøëûå äåéñòâèÿ îïðåäåëåííîé ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòè, èìåþùèå âèäèìûå ðåçóëüòàòû èëè ïîñëåäñòâèÿ â íàñòîÿùåì. She’s been crying (Åå ãëàçà êðàñíûå) | |
| Îáùåèçâåñòíûå ôàêòû èëè çàêîíû ïðèðîäû Money doesn’t buy happiness. Water freezes at 00C. | ×àñòî ïîâòîðÿþùèåñÿ äåéñòâèÿ ñ always, constantly, continually äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ðàçäðàæåíèÿ èëè êðèòèêè. She’s always interrupting me! (Íà ñàìîì äåëå îíà íå âñåãäà ïðåðûâàåò ãîâîðÿùåãî, ïðîñòî ñ åãî òî÷êè çðåíèÿ îíà äåëàåò ýòî ñëèøêîì ÷àñòî.) | Ëè÷íûé îïûò/ïåðåìåíû, êîòîðûå ïðîèçîøëè. I’ve lost 10 kilos. | Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ãíåâà, ðàçäðàæåíèÿ, âîçìóùåíèÿ èëè êðèòèêè Who has been using my tooth brush? | |
| Ðàñïèñàíèÿ/ ïðîãðàììû (áóäóùåå çíà÷åíèå) The match finishes at 7.45 The plane leaves at 6.05 | Çàâåäîìî ñïëàíèðîâàííûå è óæå îðãàíèçîâàííûå äåéñòâèÿ â áëèæàéøåì áóäóùåì The Browns are visiting us tonight. (Ìû èõ óæå ïðèãëàñèëè, îíè îáåùàëè ïðèéòè). Âðåìÿ äåéñòâèÿ äîëæíî áûòü óêàçàíî èëè ÿñíî èç êîíòåêñòà. | Äëÿ ïîä÷åðêèâàíèÿ êîëè÷åñòâà She has called on two clients since 12 o’clock. | Äëÿ ïîä÷åðêèâàíèÿ ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòè She has been calling on clients since this morning. | |
| Îáçîðû/ ñïîðòèâíûå êîììåíòàðèè è ò.ä. Jane Fonda acts brilliantly in this film. | Èçìåíÿþùèåñÿ èëè ðàçâèâàþùèåñÿ ñèòóàöèè His English is getting better. | Ïðèìå÷àíèå: live, feel and work óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ êàê â Present Perfect, òàê è â Present Perfect Continuous áåç ðàçíèöû â çíà÷åíèè I’ve been living/I’ve lived in Rome for a year. | ||
| Äåéñòâèÿ, ñîâåðøàþùèåñÿ â ìîìåíò ðå÷è (âìåñòî Present Continuous) ñ ãëàãîëàìè, êîòîðûå îáû÷íî íå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ âî âðåìåíàõ ãðóïïû Continuous (to see, to hear è ò.ä.) Don’t talk too loudly, I hear you well. | Óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ âìåñòî Present Perfect Continuous ñ ãëàãîëàìè, îáû÷íî íå óïîòðåáëÿþùèìèñÿ âî âðåìåíàõ ãðóïïû Continuous I have known him for three years. | |||
|  îáñòîÿòåëüñòâåííûõ ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ óñëîâèÿ è âðåìåíè, êîòîðûå ââîäÿòñÿ ñîþçàìè if åñëè, unless åñëè … íå, provided that ïðè óñëîâèè åñëè, when êîãäà, until, till äî òåõ ïîð, ïîêà íå, as soon as êàê òîëüêî, as long as ïîêà, before ïðåæäå ÷åì è ò.ä. äëÿ îïèñàíèÿ áóäóùèõ äåéñòâèé: | ||||
| âìåñòî Future Simple We will send the documents as soon as we receive them from Moscow. Ìû ïðèøëåì äîêóìåíòû êàê òîëüêî ìû ïîëó÷èì èõ èç Ìîñêâû. | Âìåñòî Future Continuous I’ll be reading the newspaper while you are writing your grammar exercises. ß áóäó ÷èòàòü ãàçåòó, â òî âðåìÿ êàê âû áóäåòå ïèñàòü ãðàììàòè÷åñêèå óïðàæíåíèÿ. | âìåñòî Future Perfect I’ll go to the country as soon as I have passed my examinations. ß ïîåäó â äåðåâíþ, êàê òîëüêî ñäàì ñâîè ýêçàìåíû. | âìåñòî Future Perfect Continuous If he has been working for seven hours, he will be very tired. Åñëè îí ïðîðàáîòàåò ñåìü ÷àñîâ, îí áóäåò î÷åíü óñòàâøèì. | |
| Îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà âðåìåíè, îáû÷íî èñïîëüçóåìûå ñ íàñòîÿùèìè âðåìåíàìè. | ||||
| every day/ week/ month/ year, usually, sometimes, always, rarely, never, often, in the morning/ evening/ afternoon, at night, on Mondays è ò.ä. | Now, at the moment, at present, nowadays, today, tonight, always, still è ò.ä. | just, ever, never, already, yet (îòðèöàòåëüíûå è âîïðîñèòåëüíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ), always, how long, so far, recently, since (ñ êàêîãî-òî ìîìåíòà â ïðîøëîì), for (â òå÷åíèå êàêîãî-òî ïåðèîäà âðåìåíè) today, this week/ month è ò.ä. For è since îáû÷íî èñïîëüçóþòñÿ ñ Present Perfect Continuous, ÷òîáû ïîä÷åðêíóòü äëèòåëüíîñòü äåéñòâèÿ. | ||
Ãëàãîëû, îïèñûâàþùèå ïîñòîÿííûå ñîñòîÿíèÿ (state verbs), êàê ïðàâèëî, íå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ âî âðåìåíàõ ãðóïïû Continuous. Ýòî:
1). ãëàãîëû âîñïðèÿòèÿ: see, hear, smell, feel, taste è ò.ä. (Ìû ÷àñòî èñïîëüçóåì can èëè could ñ ýòèìè ãëàãîëàìè) Can you see that tall boy over there?
2) ãëàãîëû âûðàæåíèÿ ìíåíèÿ: agree, believe, consider è ò.ä.
3) ãëàãîëû, âûðàæàþùèå ÷óâñòâà, ýìîöèè: feel, forgive, hate, like, love è ò.ä.
4) äðóãèå ãëàãîëû: appear (=seem), be, belong, fit (=be the right shape and size for sth), have (=possess), know, look (=appear), need, prefer, require, want, weigh, wish è ò.ä.
Íåêîòîðûå ãëàãîëû ñîñòîÿíèÿ (see, smell, taste, feel, think, have è ò.ä.) ìîãóò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ âî âðåìåíàõ ãðóïïû Continuous, íî åñòü ðàçíèöà â çíà÷åíèè, íàïðèìåð:
| ÑÎÑÒÎßÍÈÅ I think she’s rich. (=I believe) The milk tastes awful. (=it has a bad flavour) He has a pet dog. (=he owns) This cloth feels like velvet. (=has the texture) I see you’re in trouble. (= I understand) | ÄÅÉÑÒÂÈÅ I’m thinking about your plan. (=I’m considering) He’s tasting the sauce; it might need some salt. (=he’s trying its flavour) He’s having dinner now. (=he’s eating) She’s feeling her way in the dark. (=she’s finding her way) I’m seeing my lawyer tonight.) (=I’m visiting) |
Òàáë. 2. Ñâîäíàÿ òàáëèöà óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ïðîøåäøèõ âðåìåí.
| Past Simple (Indefinite) Ïðîøåäøåå ïðîñòîå (íåîïðåäåëåííîå) | Past Continuous (Progressive) Ïðîøåäøåå äëèòåëüíîå | Past Perfect Ïðîøåäøåå ñîâåðøåííîå | Past Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Ïðîøåäøåå ñîâåðøåííî-äëèòåëüíîå |
| Äåéñòâèÿ â ïðîøëîì, êîòîðûå ïðîèñõîäèëè îäíî çà äðóãèì She sealed the letter, put a stamp on it and posted it. | Äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå íàõîäèëîñü â ïðîöåññå ðàçâèòèÿ â îïðåäåëåííûé ìîìåíò â ïðîøëîì He was playing tennis at 4.30 yesterday. | Ïðîøëîå äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå ïðåäøåñòâîâàëî äðóãîìó ïðîøëîìó äåéñòâèþ èëè ïðîèçîøëî ê îïðåäåëåííîìó ìîìåíòó â ïðîøëîì He had left by the time I got there (èëè by 8.15). | Äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå äëèëîñü â òå÷åíèå ïåðèîäà âðåìåíè âïëîòü äî îïðåäåëåííîãî ìîìåíòà â ïðîøëîì She had been working as a clerk for 10 years before she resigned. |
| Ïðîøëàÿ ïðèâû÷êà èëè ñîñòîÿíèå He used to go / went to school on foot. Çàêîí÷åííîå äåéñòâèå èëè ñîáûòèå, êîòîðîå ïðîèçîøëî â óñòàíîâëåííîå âðåìÿ â ïðîøëîì She called an hour ago. | Ïðîøëîå äåéñòâèå â ïðîöåññå ðàçâèòèÿ, êîòîðîå ïðåðûâàåòñÿ äðóãèì ïðîøëûì äåéñòâèåì. Áîëåå äëèòåëüíîå äåéñòâèå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â Past Continuous, áîëåå êîðîòêîå – â Past Simple While I was getting dressed the bell rang. | Çàêîí÷åííûå ïðîøëûå äåéñòâèÿ, êîòîðûå èìåëè î÷åâèäíûå ðåçóëüòàòû â ïðîøëîì She was sad because she had failed the test. | Ïðîøëîå äåéñòâèå îïðåäåëåííîé äëèòåëüíîñòè, êîòîðîå èìåëî î÷åâèäíûå ðåçóëüòàòû â ïðîøëîì They were wet because they had been walking in the rain. |
| Çàêîí÷èâøååñÿ ïðîøëîå äåéñòâèå, íå ñâÿçàííîå ñ íàñòîÿùèì. Âðåìÿ äåéñòâèÿ óêàçûâàåòñÿ èëè ïîäðàçóìåâàåòñÿ. Elvis Presley made lots of records. (Ýëâèñ óìåð, îí áîëüøå íè÷åãî íå çàïèøåò) | Äâà èëè áîëåå îäíîâðåìåííûõ ïðîøëûõ äåéñòâèÿ îïðåäåëåííîé äëèòåëüíîñòè While I was sunbathing, Tim was swimming. Èëè îïèñàíèå îáñòàíîâêè, íà ôîíå êîòîðîé ðàçâèâàëèñü ñîáûòèÿ â ðàññêàçå She was flying to Paris. The sun was shining… | Ïðîøåäøåå ñîâåðøåííîå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ýêâèâàëåíòîì Íàñòîÿùåãî ñîâåðøåííîãî (He can’t find his watch. He has lost it.) He couldn’t find his watch. He had lost it. | Ïðîøåäøåå ñîâåðøåííî-äëèòåëüíîå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ýêâèâàëåíòîì Íàñòîÿùåãî ñîâåðøåííî-äëèòåëüíîãî (She is going to the doctor. Her leg has been aching for two days.) She went to the doctor. Her leg had been aching for two days. |
| Îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà âðåìåíè, îáû÷íî óïîòðåáëÿåìûå ñ ïðîøåäøèìè âðåìåíàìè. | |||
| Yesterday, last week è ò.ä., (how long) ago, then, just now, when, in 1992 è ò.ä. | While, when, as, the moment that è ò.ä. | for, since, already, after, just, never, yet, before, by, by the time è ò.ä. | for, since |
Òàáë. 3. Ñâîäíàÿ òàáëèöà óïîòðåáëåíèÿ áóäóùèõ âðåìåí
| Future Simple (Indefinite) Áóäóùåå ïðîñòîå (íåîïðåäåëåííîå) | Future Continuous (Progressive) Áóäóùåå äëèòåëüíîå | Future Perfect Áóäóùåå ñîâåðøåííîå | Future Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Áóäóùåå ñîâåðøåííî-äëèòåëüíîå. | ||||
| Ðåøåíèÿ, êîòîðûå ïðèíèìàþòñÿ â ìîìåíò ðå÷è (“íà ìåñòå”) Since it’s getting dark, I’ll turn on the light. | Äåéñòâèÿ â ïðîöåññå ðàçâèòèÿ â óêàçàííûé ìîìåíò â áóäóùåì He’ll be sunbathing in Hawaii this time next week | Äåéñòâèÿ, êîòîðûå çàâåðøàþòñÿ äî óêàçàííîãî ìîìåíòà â áóäóùåì She will have come back by the end of July. Ïðèìå÷àíèå: by èëè not … until / till óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ â Future Perfect. Until / till êàê ïðàâèëî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â Future Perfect òîëüêî â îòðèöàòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ. She will have finished by 8 o’clock. She won’t have finished until 8 o’clock. | Äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå áóäåò äëèòüñÿ âïëîòü äî îïðåäåëåííîãî ìîìåíòà â áóäóùåì. By the end of this year she will have been working here for two years. | ||||
| Íàäåæäû, îïàñåíèÿ, óãðîçû, ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, îáåùàíèÿ, ïðåäóïðåæäåíèÿ, ïðîñüáû, êîììåíòàðèé etc., îñîáåííî ñ: expect, hope, believe, I’m sure, I’m afraid, probably etc. I’m afraid I’ll be a little late. | Äåéñòâèÿ, êàê ðåçóëüòàò çàâåäåííîãî ïîðÿäêà (âìåñòî Present Cont.) I’ll be seeing John tomorrow. (Ìû ðàáîòàåì â îäíîì è òîì æå ó÷ðåæäåíèè, ïîýòîìó ìû îáÿçàòåëüíî âñòðåòèìñÿ.) | ||||||
| Äåéñòâèÿ èëè ïðåäñêàçàíèÿ, êîòîðûå ìîãóò ïðîèçîéòè â áóäóùåì. She’ll probably buy the dress. (ïðåäñêàçàíèå) èëè äåéñòâèÿ, êîòîðûå íåâîçìîæíî êîíòðîëèðîâàòü è íåèçáåæíî äîëæíû ñëó÷èòüñÿ: He will be ten next year. | Êîãäà ìû âåæëèâî èíòåðåñóåìñÿ, ÷òî ëþäè ñîáèðàþòñÿ äåëàòü äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû óçíàòü, ñìîãóò ëè îíè ñäåëàòü ÷òî-ëèáî äëÿ íàñ èëè ïðåäëîæèòü ñäåëàòü ÷òî-ëèáî äëÿ íèõ. Will you be going to the supermarket? Can you buy me some tea? | ||||||
| Âåùè, â êîòîðûõ ìû ñîìíåâàåìñÿ èëè åùå íå ðåøèëè, äåëàòü ëè. She’ll probably be promoted (åùå íå óâåðåíû) | |||||||
| Shall èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ñ ìåñòîèìåíèÿìè I/ We â âîïðîñàõ, ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, èëè êîãäà ñïðàøèâàþò ñîâåòà. Shall we go for a walk? Who shall I invite? | Will èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ïðåäëîæåíèé, óãðîç, îáåùàíèé, ïðåäñêàçàíèé, ïðåäóïðåæäåíèé, ïðîñüá, íàäåæä, íàäåæä, ñòðàõîâ, íà ìåñòå ïðèíÿòûõ ðåøåíèé (îáû÷íî ñ think, expect, believe, I’m sure John will pass his driving test | ||||||
| Óïîòðåáëåíèå êîíñòðóêöèè to be going to äëÿ îïèñàíèÿ áóäóùèõ äåéñòâèé | |||||||
| Äåéñòâèÿ, êîòîðûå íàìåðåâàþòñÿ âûïîëíèòü â áëèçêîì áóäóùåì She’s going to visit her parents tomorrow. | Çàïëàíèðîâàííûå äåéñòâèÿ èëè íàìåðåíèÿ Now that they’ve settled in their new house, they’re going to have a party. | Î÷åâèäíîñòü, ÷òî ÷òî-òî îïðåäåëåííî äîëæíî ïðîèçîéòè â áëèçêîì áóäóùåì Ann is going to have a baby. Look at the dark, clouds in the sky! It’s going to rain. | Âåùè, â êîòîðûõ ìû óâåðåíû èëè óæå ðåøèëè ñäåëàòü â áëèçêîì áóäóùåì He’s going to be promoted. (Íà÷àëüíèê óæå ðåøèë ýòî ñäåëàòü) | ||||
| Îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà âðåìåíè, îáû÷íî óïîòðåáëÿþùèåñÿ ñ áóäóùèìè âðåìåíàìè è êîíñòðóêöèåé to be going to | |||||||
| Tomorrow, tonight, next week/month/year, in two/three etc. days è ò.ä., the day after tomorrow, soon, in a week/month è ò.ä. | before, by, by then, by the time, until (èñïîëüçóåòñÿ òîëüêî â îòðèöàòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ) | By … for | |||||
Ñòðàäàòåëüíûé çàëîã (The Passive Voice)
Ñòðàäàòåëüíûé çàëîã óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òîãäà, êîãäà ïîäëåæàùåå îáîçíà÷àåò ëèöî èëè ïðåäìåò, êîòîðîå íå ñàìî âûïîëíÿåò äåéñòâèå, a ïîäâåðãàåòñÿ äåéñòâèþ ñî ñòîðîíû äðóãîãî ëèöà èëè ïðåäìåòà.
The planets are attracted by the sun. Ïëàíåòû ïðèòÿãèâàþòñÿ ñîëíöåì.
Ñòðàäàòåëüíûé çàëîã îáðàçóåòñÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ ãëàãîëà to be â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåì âðåìåíè è ïðè÷àñòèÿ ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè (III-ÿ ôîðìà ãëàãîëà)
He invited me to the concert. I was invited to the concert (by him).
Ñòðàäàòåëüíûé çàëîã óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ:
| 1.Êîãäà ëèöî, êîòîðîå âûïîëíÿåò äåéñòâèå, íåèçâåñòíî, ýòîìó íå ïðèäàåòñÿ çíà÷åíèÿ èëè ýòî ïîíÿòíî èç êîíòåêñòà. My car was stolen yesterday. (ëèöî èçâåñòíî) The road repairs were completed last week. (çíà÷åíèÿ íå ïðèäàåòñÿ) The kidnappers have been arrested. (by the police – o÷åâèäíûé èñïîëíèòåëü) | 3. Êîãäà äåéñòâèå áîëåå âàæíî, ÷åì èñïîëíèòåëü, êàê, íàïðèìåð, â ñîîáùåíèÿõ íîâîñòåé, îôèöèàëüíûõ îáúÿâëåíèÿõ, èíñòðóêòàæàõ, çàãîëîâêàõ, ðåêëàìíûõ îáúÿâëåíèÿõ è äð. Taking pictures is not allowed. (ïèñüìåííîå îáúÿâëåíèå) The local bank was robbed this morning. (íîâîñòè) Bred is baked in an oven for about 45 minutes. (ïðîöåññ) |
| 2. ×òîáû ñäåëàòü óòâåðæäåíèå áîëåå âåæëèâûìè èëè îôèöèàëüíûìè. My new suit has been burnt. (Ýòî çâó÷èò áîëåå âåæëèâî, ÷åì You’ve burnt my new suit. | 4.Ïîä÷åðêèâàåòñÿ èñïîëíèòåëü äåéñòâèÿ The Tower of London was build by William the Conqueror. |
| <== ïðåäûäóùàÿ ëåêöèÿ | | | ñëåäóþùàÿ ëåêöèÿ ==> |
| Черный пиар 17 ñòðàíèöà | | | Черный пиар 19 ñòðàíèöà |