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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Äàòà äîáàâëåíèÿ: 2015-10-12; ïðîñìîòðîâ: 525
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Ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå
Òåõíè÷åñêèé ðåäàêòîð Åãîðîâà Ñ.Å.
Êîìïüþòåðíàÿ âåðñòêà Âîëêîâà Î.À.
Êîððåêòîð Åìåëüÿíîâà Ñ.Í.
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Ïîäïèñàíî â ïå÷àòü …….. Ôîðìàò ………
Ãàðíèòóðà Times New Roman. Óñë. ïå÷.ë. …...
Òèðàæ 200 ýêç. Çàêàç ¹ …..
Àäðåñ èçäàòåëüñòâà:
Ðîññèÿ, 180000, Ïñêîâ, óë.Ë.Òîëñòîãî, 4
Èçäàòåëüñòâà ÏÏÈ
ÔÅÄÅÐÀËÜÍÎÅ ÀÃÅÍÑÒÂÎ ÏÎ ÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÍÈÞ
ÃÎÓ ÂÏÎ «ÀÄÛÃÅÉÑÊÈÉ ÃÎÑÓÄÀÐÑÒÂÅÍÍÛÉ ÓÍÈÂÅÐÑÈÒÅÒ»
A.P.Tikhonova
A CONÑISE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
(ÊÐÀÒÊÀß ÈÑÒÎÐÈß ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÎÃÎ ßÇÛÊÀ)
Ìàéêîï
ÓÄÊ 811.111 (075.8)
ÁÁÊ 81.432.1 – 923
Ò 46
Ïå÷àòàåòñÿ ïî ðåøåíèþ
ðåäàêöèîííî-èçäàòåëüñêîãî ñîâåòà Àäûãåéñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà
Ðåöåíçåíòû:
Å.Í. Ëó÷èíñêàÿ, äîêòîð ôèëîëîãè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîð (ÊóáÃÓ)
Ë.È. Ñèäîðîâà, êàíäèäàò ôèëîëîãè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîð (ÊóáÃÓ):
Òèõîíîâà À.Ï.
Ò 46
A CONCISE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE (Êðàòêàÿ èñòîðèÿ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà): Ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå. - Ìàéêîï: Èçä-âî ÀÃÓ, 2009. - 132 ñ.
Íàñòîÿùåå ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå ïî êóðñó èñòîðèè àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà ïðåäíàçíà÷åíî äëÿ ñòóäåíòîâ ëèíãâèñòè÷åñêèõ ôàêóëüòåòîâ âóçîâ.
Îíî ñîñòàâëåíî â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ÃÎÑ ÂÏÎ Ñïåöèàëüíîñòü 02.26.00 (031201) Òåîðèÿ è ìåòîäèêà ïðåïîäàâàíèÿ èíîñòðàííûõ ÿçûêîâ è êóëüòóð (àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê) è ðàñ÷èòàíî íà êîëè÷åñòâî ÷àñîâ, ïðåäóñìîòðåííîå ïðîãðàììàìè âóçîâ ïî ïðåäìåòó «Èñòîðèÿ ÿçûêà è ââåäåíèå â ñïåöôèëîëîãèþ».
Ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå ïîñòðîåíî íà îñíîâå èñòîðè÷åñêîé ïåðèîäèçàöèè.  íåì âûäåëåíû äðåâíåàíãëèéñêèé, ñðåäíåàíãëèéñêèé è íîâîàíãëèéñêèé ïåðèîäû. Ïåðèîäèçàöèÿ ïîçâîëÿåò ïîêàçàòü ðàçâèòèå ÿçûêà âî âñåõ åãî ìíîãîñòîðîííèõ ñâÿçÿõ.
Ïîñîáèå ïðåäñòàâëÿåò èíòåðåñ äëÿ ïðåïîäàâàòåëåé âóçîâ è àñïèðàíòîâ, çàíèìàþùèõñÿ ðàçðàáîòêîé ïðîáëåì èñòîðèè àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà.
ISBN
Ó Àäûãåéñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò, 2009
CONTENTS
| Introduction……………………………………………………………… | |
| Part 1 | |
| GERMANIC LANGUAGES | |
| 1.1. Classification of GermanicLanguages…………………………………… | |
| 1.2. Ancient Germanic Tribes and theirClassification……………………….. | |
| 1.3. GermanicAlphabets……………………………………………………… | |
| 1.4. Some Phonetic Peculiarities of GermanicLanguages……………………. | |
| 1.4.1.Consonants………………………………………………………… | |
| 1.4.1.1. The First Consonant Shift (Grimm’sLaw)………………… | |
| 1.4.1.2. Verner`s Law………………………………………………. | |
| 1.4.2. Word –Stress……………………………………………………… | |
| 1.4.3.Vowels…………………………………………………………….. | |
| 1.4.3.1. Stressed Vowels…………………………………………… | |
| 1.4.3.2. Germanic Fracture(Breaking)……………………………... | |
| 1.4.3.3. Gradation or Ablaut………………………………………... | |
| 1.4.3.4. Unstressed Vowels………………………………………… | |
| 1.5.Grammatical Peculiarities of Germanic Languages……………………… | |
| 1.5.1.The Noun………………………………………………………….. | |
| 1.5.2.The Adjective……………………………………………………… | |
| 1.5.3.The Verb…………………………………….…………………….. | |
| 1.6. Vocabulary | |
| Part 2 | |
| OLD ENGLISH | |
| 2.1. Periods in the History of English………………………………………… | |
| 2.2.Historical Background……………………………………………………. | |
| 2.2.1. The Roman Conquest of Britain………………………………….. | |
| 2.2.2.The Anglo-Saxon Conquest of Britain……………………………. | |
| 2.3.Alphabet and Pronunciation……………………………………………… | |
| 2.4. Old English Dialects and Written Records………………………………. | |
| 2.5.Some Phonetic Changes of the Old English Period……………………… | |
| 2.5.1.Vowels…………………………………………………………….. | |
| 2.5.2. Old English Breaking……………………………………………... | |
| 2.5.3. Palatal Mutation (i-mutation)……………………………………... | |
| 2.5.4. Back or Velar Mutation (Velarization)…………………………… | |
| 2.5.5. Diphthongization of Vowels after Palatal Consonants…………… | |
| 2.5.6. Lengthening of Vowels…………………………………………… | |
| 2.5.7. Unstressed Vowels……………………………………………….. | |
| 2.5.8.Consonants………………………………………………………… | |
| 2.5.9. Palatalization of Velar Consonants………………………………. | |
| 2.5.10. Assimilation, Metathesis, Doubling of Consonants, Loss of Consonants……………………………………………………………… | |
| 2.6. Old English Morphology………………………………………………… | |
| 2.6.1. Old English Noun: General Characteristics……………………… | |
| 2.6.2. Vowel Stems: Strong Declension………………………………… | |
| 2.6.2.1. a-stems…………………………………………………….. | |
| 2.6.2.2. ō-stems…………………………………………………….. | |
| 2.6.2.3. i-stems……………………………………………………... | |
| 2.6.2.4. u-stems …………………………………………………… | |
| 2.6.3. Consonant Stems: Weak Declension, Minor Declensions………. | |
| 2.6.3.1. n-stems: Weak Declension………………………………… | |
| 2.6.3.2. r-stems…………………………………………………….. | |
| 2.6.3.3. s-stems……………………………………………………... | |
| 2.6.4. Root-Stems……………………………………………………….. | |
| 2.6.5. Pronouns………………………………………………………….. | |
| 2.6.5.1. Personal Pronouns………………………………………… | |
| 2.6.5.2. Demonstrative Pronouns…………………………………... | |
| 2.6.6. Adjectives………………………………………………………… | |
| 2.6.6.1. Strong Declension of Adjectives………………………….. | |
| 2.6.6.2. Weak Declension of Adjectives…………………………… | |
| 2.6.6.3. Degrees of Comparison…………………………………… | |
| 2.6.7. Adverbs…………………………………………………………… | |
| 2.6.7.1. Formation of Adverbs…………………………………….. | |
| 2.6.7.2. Comparison of Adverbs…………………………………… | |
| 2.6.8. The Verb: General Characteristics……………………………….. | |
| 2.6.8.1. Strong Verbs………………………………………………. | |
| 2.6.8.2. Weak Verbs……………………………………………….. | |
| 2.6.8.3. Preterite – Present Verbs………………………………….. | |
| 2.6.8.4. Anomalous verbs………………………………………….. | |
| 2.6.8.5. Suppletive Verbs………………………………………….. | |
| 2.7. Old English Syntax……………………………………………………… | |
| 2.8. The Old English Vocabulary……………………………………………. | |
| 2.8.1. Word Building……………………………………………………. | |
| 2.8.2. Borrowings……………………………………………………….. | |
| Part 3 | |
| MIDDLE ENGLISH | |
| 3.1. Historical Background…………………………………………………… | |
| 3.1.1. Scandinavian Invasions…………………………………………… | |
| 3.1.2. The Norman Conquest……………………………………………. | |
| 3.2. Middle English Dialects, Rise of the London Dialect…………………… | |
| 3.3. Early Middle English Written Records………………………………….. | |
| 3.4. Word Stress……………………………………………………………… | |
| 3.5. Vowels…………………………………………………………………… | |
| 3.5.1. Unstressed Vowels……………………………………………….. | |
| 3.5.2. Stressed vowels…………………………………………………… | |
| 3.5.2.1. Quantitative Vowel Changes……………………………… | |
| 3.5.2.2. Qualitative Vowel Changes Monophthongs………………. | |
| 3.5.2.3. Monophthongization of Old English Diphthongs…………. | |
| 3.5.2.4. Rise of New Diphthongs…………………………………... | |
| 3.6. Evolution of Consonants………………………………………………… | |
| 3.7. Spelling Changes………………………………………………………… | |
| 3.7.1. Changes in the Designation of Vowels…………………………… | |
| 3.7.2. Changes in the Designation of Consonants………………………. | |
| 3.8. Changes in the Grammatical System…………………………………….. | |
| 3.8.1. Preliminary Remarks…………………………………………...… | |
| 3.8.2. The Noun…………………………………………………………. | |
| 3.8.2.1. Gender……………………………………………………... | |
| 3.8.2.2. Number…………………………………………………….. | |
| 3.8.2.3. Decay of Noun Declensions………………………………. | |
| 3.8.3. The Adjective…………………………………………………….. | |
| 3.8.3.1. Declension of Adjectives in Late Middle English………… | |
| 3.8.3.2. Degrees of Comparison……………………………………. | |
| 3.8.4. Adverbs…………………………………………………………… | |
| 3.8.4.1. Formation of Adverbs……………………………………... | |
| 3.8.4.2. Comparison of Adverbs…………………………………… | |
| 3.8.5. The Pronoun………………………………………………………. | |
| 3.8.5.1. Personal Pronouns…………………………………………. | |
| 3.8.5.2. Possessive pronouns………………………………………. | |
| 3.8.5.3. Demonstrative Pronouns…………………………………... | |
| 3.8.5.4. Rise of the Articles………………………………………… | |
| 3.8.6. The Verb: General Characteristics……………………………….. | |
| 3.8.6.1. Changes in the Morphological Classes of Verbs, Strong Verbs | |
| 3.8.6.2. Weak Verbs………………………………………………... | |
| 3.8.6.3. Preterite-Present Verbs……………………………………. | |
| 3.8.6.4. Suppletive verbs…………………………………………… | |
| 3.8.6.5. Rise of Analytical Forms………………………………….. | |
| 3.8.7. Development of the Syntactic System……………………………. | |
| 3.9. Vocabulary Changes…………………………………………………….. | |
| 3.9.1. Native Derivational Affixes………………………………………. | |
| 3.9.2. French Derivational Affixes……………………………………… | |
| 3.9.3. Scandinavian Borrowings………………………………………… | |
| 3.9.4. French Borrowings……………………………………………….. | |
| Part 4 | |
| NEW ENGLISH | |
| 4.1. The formation of the English National Language……………………….. | |
| 4.2. Changes in Pronunciation………………………………………………... | |
| 4.2.1. Development of Unstressed Vowels……………………………… | |
| 4.2.1.1. Loss of unstressed – e [ə]………………………………….. | |
| 4.2.1.2. Loss of Vowels in Intermediate Syllables…………………. | |
| 4.2.2. Stressed Vowels…………………………………………………... | |
| 4.2.2.1. The Great Vowel Shift…………………………………….. | |
| 4.2.2.2. Shortening of Long Vowels……………………………….. | |
| 4.2.2.3. Development of Short Vowels…………………………….. | |
| 4.2.2.4. The Development of the New Short [ë]…………………… | |
| 4.2.2.5. Changes in Diphthongs……………………………………. | |
| 4.2.2.6. Vowel Changes under the Influence of Consonants………. | |
| 4.2.3. Consonants……………………………………………………….. | |
| 4.2.3.1. Voicing of Voiceless Consonants…………………………. | |
| 4.2.3.2. Loss of Consonants………………………………………... | |
| 4.2.3.3. Change of [d] to [ð] when Close to [r]…………………….. | |
| 4.2.3.4. Development of Sibilants and Affricates………………….. | |
| 4.3. Changes in Spelling……………………………………………………… | |
| 4.4. Local Dialects……………………………………………………………. | |
| 4.4.1. Scottish Dialect…………………………………………………… | |
| 4.4.2. Northern Dialects…………………………………………………. | |
| 4.4.3. Western, Central and Southern Dialects………………………….. | |
| 4.5. Some Essential Grammatical Changes of the New English Period: Morphology | |
| 4.5.1. The Noun…………………………………………………………. | |
| 4.5.1.1. Number……………………………………………………. | |
| 4.5.1.2. Cases………………………………………………………. | |
| 4.5.2. The Pronoun………………………………………………………. | |
| 4.5.2.1. Personal Pronouns…………………………………………. | |
| 4.5.2.2. Possessive Pronouns………………………………………. | |
| 4.5.3. The Adjective…………………………………………………….. | |
| 4.5.4. Adverbs…………………………………………………………… | |
| 4.5.5. The Verb………………………………………………………….. | |
| 4.5.5.1. Personal Endings………………………………………….. | |
| 4.5.5.2. Changes in Strong Verbs………………………………….. | |
| 4.5.5.3. Changes in Weak Verbs…………………………………… | |
| 4.5.5.4. Rise of Invariable Verbs…………………………………… | |
| 4.5.5.5. Changes in Preterite-Present Verbs……………………….. | |
| 4.5.5.6. Irregular Verbs…………………………………………….. | |
| 4.6. New English Syntax……………………………………………………... | |
| 4.7. New English Vocabulary Changes………………………………………. | |
| 4.7.1. Latin Loanwords………………………………………………….. | |
| 4.7.2. Latinization of French Loanwords………………………………... | |
| 4.7.3. Greek loanwords………………………………………………….. | |
| 4.7.4. French Loanwords………………………………………………... | |
| 4.7.5. Mixed vocabulary of New English……………………………….. | |
| 4.7.6. Italian and Spanish Loanwords…………………………………… | |
| 4.7.7. Russian Loanwords………………………………………………. | |
| 4.8. The Expansion of English…………………………….…………………. | |
| 4.9. The English Language in the USA……………………………………… | |
| 4.9.1. Some peculiarities of American Pronunciation…………………... | |
| 4.9.2. American Spelling………………………………………………... | |
| 4.9.3. Some peculiarities of American Grammar……………………….. | |
| 4.9.4. Vocabulary of American English………………………………… | |
| Conclusion………………………………………………………………. | |
| Bibliography…………………………………………………………….. |
| <== ïðåäûäóùàÿ ëåêöèÿ | | | ñëåäóþùàÿ ëåêöèÿ ==> |
| lt; س < 90 | | | AUTHOR’S NOTE |