Barbara B. Kawulich

Дата добавления: 2015-10-18; просмотров: 476

Индустрия быстрого питания добавляет любые не запрещенные химические вещества, лишь бы вызвать у своих пациентов пищевую зависимость. Да, именно зависимости сродни наркотической, алкогольной и никотиновой. С синдромом отмены, подобным синдрому отмены отдельных лекарств. Вред быстрого питания заключается и в большом содержании консервантов, красителей и усилителей вкуса в подобной пище. Их количество настолько велико, что пища может долго не портиться. Но самая главная опасность, которую несет фаст-фуд – это повышенный риск ожирения, причем одинаково как взрослого, так и для детского населения. Яркое доказательство этого явления дает американская статистика, ведь Америка – это страна, где распространение фаст-фуда приняло гигантские масштабы. 65% взрослых американцев имеют избыточный вес; 30% населения США страдают ожирением; Около 3% американцев страдают тяжелой степенью ожирения и весят в среднем на полцентнера больше, чем должны. За последние двадцать лет частота ожирения среди детей удвоилась и утроилась среди подростков.

Аналогичные показатели по России пока еще не настолько удручающие. Так, например лишь около 25-30% россиян имеют избыточный вес, а ожирением страдают около 15-20%. Естественно, эти цифры постоянно растут с улучшением уровня жизни за последние несколько десятилетий, что не дает никаких поводов для оптимистических прогнозов. Надо сказать, что ожирение уносит в среднем столько же жизней, сколько табакокурение. Кроме этого, с ожирением ассоциируются следующие заболевания: артериальная гипертензия, высокий уровень холестерина, ишемическая болезнь сердца, инсульт, сахарный диабет, рак молочной железы, рак прямой кишки и др.

Подытоживая, можно заметить, что большинство фаст-фуд пищи богато жирами, сахаром, крахмалом, солью, а главное, калориями. Содержание пищевых волокон и нутриентов непозволительно мало. Из-за этого вскоре после подобного питания опять просыпается чувство голода. То же самое можно сказать и о напитках: содержащийся в Кока-коле аспартат плохо удаляется со слизистой оболочки рта и поэтому пить хочется еще больше.

В первой главе нашей дипломной работы «Влияние продуктов быстрого питания на здоровье человека» дается анализ и обобщение понятий объекта исследования, выявлено вредное воздействие быстрой еды на организм человека.

Во второй главе нами были изучен уровень информированности учеников старших классов МБОУ СОШ № 3 о влиянии фаст-фуда на здоровье человека.

Поставленные перед нами задачи решены полностью.

Теоретическая значимость исследования:

Рассмотрены детали вредного воздействия фаст-фуда на организм человека.

Даны рекомендации людям, употребляющим еду быстрого приготовления.

Практическая значимостьисследования:

Нами был дан анализ информированности школьников старших классов МБОУ СОШ № 3 о влиянии фаст-фуда на здоровье человека.

Нами была подобрана тематика классного часа об объекте исследования с показом видеофильма и распространением буклетов по теме исследования

Данные дипломной работы могут быть использованы для составления дальнейшей медико-профилактической работы среди учеников о правильном питании.

Поставленная перед нами цель исследования достигнута.

РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ:

1. Необходимо провести дополнительное анкетирование учеников с целью выявления положительной динамики проведенной медико-профилактической работы.

2. Продолжить исследовательскую работу по данной тематике с целью дальнейшего изучения объекта исследования.

3. Необходима дальнейшая медико-профилактическая работа среди учеников всех классов о правильном питании.

СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ:

1. Брахман И.И. Валеология – наука о здоровье. - М.: Просвещение, 2001

2. Котешева И.А. Здоровый образ жизни и долголетие. - М.: РИПОЛ классик, 2008. - 96 с.: ил.

3. Смирнов В.И. Продукты быстрого приготовления. - М.: Эко, 2000.

4. Гарднер Э.С. «Питание впопыхах»: пер. с Франц. / Э.С. Гаднер - издательское объединение «Культура», 1999. - 448 с.

5. Эйзенберг А. и др. Фаст - фуд: пер. с англ. / А. Эйзенберг, Х. Муркофф, С. Хатавей; Худож.А. А. Шуплецов. - Мн.: Валев, 2001. - 656 с.

6. Сестринское дело 4`2013

7. Вопросы питания ТОМ №75 5/2006 изд. ГЭОТАР-Медиа

8. Медицинская сестра 8`2012.-22c.

9. Медицинская помощь 3`2009.-7с.

10. Е.А. Воронова “Здоровый образ жизни в современной школе”. Ростов -на- дону. Феникс 2007г.

11. Новая иллюстрированная энциклопедия. Кн.13. У.-Ф.- М: . Большая Российская энциклопедия, 2003.-256 с.: ил.

12. http: //www. medinks. ru.

13. http: //selnov. ru.

14. http://www.molomo.ru/myth/fast_food.html

15. http://zdorovyi-chelovek.ru/pitanie/34-fast-fud-vred-ili-polza.html

16. http://www.subway.ru/franchising/azbuka_franchajzinga/istoriya_fast_fuda/

17. http://береги-жизнь.рф/26/4/3/1/

Let us consider some examples in terms of their correspondence to the models and disclose structural relations between precedential name John and other PP.

John Hancock - a signature (your name as you write it on documents, cheques etc).

This meaning comes from the story that John Hancock wrote his name in very large writing on the Declaration of Independenceas an insulting joke to the British king, George III, so that the king would not have to wear his glasses to read it.

. According to the second model (Precedent situation – Precedent Name/ Invariant of perception of precedent name; Precedent name – Precedent situation/ Invariant of perception of precedent situation) the precedent name John Hancock comes out as an attribute of the given precedent situation.

Vivid illustrations of this model are represented by the following precedential names:

John Doe (and Richard Roe) - a name used in legal documents, court cases etc. for a man whose real name is not known.

These names were firstly used in the sphere of English legal proceedings in XIX c. Jane Doe is the same notion for denoting a woman: “There were conflicting rumours on the subject; but the prevalent opinion was that she was a phantom of Mrs. Gamp’s brain — as Messrs. Doe and Roe are fictions of the law...”.

It is obvious from the given example that these names function as precedent names in the English language culturewhich came into use due to the precedent situation happened in the XIXc.The following expressions have similar meanings:

John-a-nokes – invented parties in a judicial process; John-a-stiles is the same notion usually used in tandem with John-a-nokes “… as willing to plead for John o’ Nokes as for the first noble of the land”.

It should be noticed that alongside with the meaning of anordinary person -John Citizen - precedential name “John” is perceived as that of including features of national character:

John Bull - a typical Englishman, who is thought of as representing Englishmen in general. John Bull is shown in pictures as a large, fat man wearing high leather boots and a waistcoat with the pattern of the Union Jack on it (the national flag of the UK), and there is often a bulldog beside him. He is thought of as being very proud of England, and as disliking foreigners.

This name was firstly used by J. Arbethnot in a satire lampoon “Law is a Bottomless Pit or the History of John Bull” and came into favour forming many derivatives:

John-Bullish- typically English;

John-Bullism- typical features representing English character;

John-Bullist- a person supporting everything referred to the English language culture. By some he is called...“a thoroughbred Englishman^”, by some, “a genuine John Bull”...

This example shows that the name John Bull turned out to become precedent due to its use in PT. This PN belongs to the text “Law is a Bottomless Pit or the History of John Bull”. The invariant of perception of precedent name John Bull will be necessitated by that of the text; it naturally follows that appealing to this PN the actualization of PT/ its invariant of perception takes place.

The invariant of perception of this name includes the following characteristics: nationally coloured image, representing common English people. A referent of the name is represented as a combination of definite features. Thus, differential features of this name are appearance (a fat man) and character features (is thought of as being very proud of England, and as disliking foreigners).

The determination of this precedent is accomplished through its attributes which are high leather boots, a waistcoat with the pattern of the Union Jack and a bulldog.

The names given below became precedential due to their use in national literature hence they can be referred to the first model as well:

John Henry - Afro-American folklore warrior hero.

John Brown’s Body - a US folk song about John Brown, a man who fought against slavery in the US:

John Brown’s body lies a-mouldering in the grave;

But his soul goes marching on.

John Barleycorn - the personification (the representation of a thing as a person, in literature or art) of alcoholic drink, especially strong drinks such as whisky. This expression came to be known in the XVII c. and became popular due to Robert Burns who used it in his poem:

1. John Barleycorn was a hero bold,

Of noble enterprise;

For if you do but taste his blood.

’T will make your courage rise.

Then let us toast John Barleycorn,

Each man a glass in hand;

And may his great posterity

Ne’er fail in old Scotland .

Taking into account the examples mentioned above the name John is used as a proper name unlike its derivative the precedential name “Jack.” “John” has preserved its status and has not fallen out of favour. It proves annual research of “the Times” according to which the name John is referred to the list of most popular names inGreat Britain.

VIII. Concepts iv View of Language and Culture. Home as a Concept.

The derivatives of the Russian word “дом” are:

домище n., домина n. домик n. домовина n домишко nдомок n.

домовой n. домовладелец n.

домашний adj. домохозяйка n

домовитый adj. ДОМ домработница n.

доморощенный adj. домосед n

домотканый adj. домострой n

домовничать v. домостроение n

домоуправление n.

домком n

домовладение n •

Let us compare it with the English derivatives”

house-plant n.

to house v. houseful adj. house party n.

to house-sit v. house-to-house adj. house arrest n.

house-husband n.

housing house-boat n.

housing association housewife n.

housing benefit HOUSE n. house-sitter n.

housing estate householder n.

housing development housekeeper n.

house-warming n. housemaid n.

house-breaking n. house-broken adj. housemaster n.

house-trained adj. houseroom n.

house-bound adj. housetops n.

These thematic fields are taken from T. A. Komova “On British/Fmerican Cultural Studies.”

We see that for the Russians even the last abode for the human being – домовина is a derivative from the same general root – “дом”

In the Russian language many properties of a house are shown through the derivatives:

-sizeof house (big or small);

-those who live there factually and supernaturally;

-those who like to be in and not out, the members of a family and female-servants;

-house and its territory;

-something home-made, something arranged at home;

-the routine and conservative way of life;

-some humorous and negative associations and connotations.

In the four-volume Dictionary of Russian ed. by A. Evgenieva we can find some additions (see p. 424-425): воспитательный дом - orphanage, желтый дом, ночлежный дом (ночлежка),сумасшедший дом, дом терпимости, домашние (family members),домашний арест, под домашним арестом, домовина, домохозяин(obsolete), домодельный (obsolete), домоправительница(obsolete), домовница (coll. about a girl taking care of a house when the elders are out).

The thematic field of the word “house” is well-populated and tense both in English and Russian.

In English “house” is described as:

-a building made for people to live in, usually for one family: for eg. He went into his house; a two-bedroom house, Hilltop house; What time do you leave the house in the morning (to go to -work);

-the people living in such a house; the household: for eg. Be quiet, or you 'II wake the whole house.

-as a name of a building made or used for some purpose, i.e. for keeping animals or goods in (used in some compounds): for eg. A hen-house, an opera-house, acid house, boarding house, court-house, dog-house, doll's house, guest-house, open house, public house, summer-house, tied house, wendy house.

In some other compounds it means a restaurant - a steak-house, a coffee­house; a business firm - a fashion house, a publishing house, a banking house; also with the capital letter - the House of Commons, the House of Lords, the White House, the House of Representatives; also a group of people discussing something in a formal debate — / urge the house to vote against the motions; also the audience in a theatre - to play to packed houses; in British English also said about each of several organized groups of pupils of different ages in schools, especially public schools; also about the British Royal family—the House of Windsor.

The word “house” is used productively in some collocations: to bring the house down (to make an audience laugh or clap); to eat somebody out of house and home; to get on like a house on fire (to become friends quickly); to keep house (to cook, clean and do all the other jobs around the house); to have a drink on the house (paid for by the pub, the firm, etc.); people in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones; set up house (to make a place one's home).

We see that there are many derivatives applicable to people and their duties, their attitude to their homes, neigbours, pets, elderly people unable to leave one's house, people of medical profession, a male teacher in charge of a house, as a group of pupils; it may be said about something announced publicly, money given to certain people by local councils to help them to pay for their accommodation, area in which a number of houses for living in are planned and are built at the same time. Some of these units are current in American or British English.

If you live in Russia you may live в своём доме, деревенском доме, щитовом домике, каменном или кирпичном доме, на даче, в избе, избушке, избёнке, кирпичном особняке, иметь квартиру в блочном, панельном доме, it may be высотка, пятиэтажка, дом-башня, многоквартирный дом, приватизированный дом или квартира One can снимать квартиру в частном секторе, снимать угол (комнату), жить в коммуналке, жить своим домом; one can продать, разменять, обменять, сдать своё жильё.

You may love your home or entertain other feelings:относиться к своему жилищу нежно или презрительно; you cancall it xama or хатёнка, избушка на курьих ножках. One may borrow exotic foreign words: фазенда; or use criminal underworld slang: хаза. In other words house and its synonyms vary greatly in implications and stylistic colouring.

In English house has its twin key-word home with its derivatives: homeland homesick, homespun, homestead, homework, be home and dry (successful) bring something home to somebody (to make realize fully), The place you live in may be referred to as a den, a hut, a shed, f.ex. a small mountain hut; or a bam, if it is not attractive: they live in a great barn of a house. In the USA bam is a place for keeping buses, vans, when not in use.

In literature many pages are given to the places people live in.

In "Emma' (by Jane Austin) Mr. Weston was a native of Highbury and belonged to a respectable family. He bought a house of his own at Randalls, obtained his wife and was beginning a new period of existence.

In George Eliot's "The Mill on the Floss' one of the characters lives far from his family at King's Lorton: “Anxiety about the future had never entered Tom's mind. His father had always ridden a good horse, kept a good house, and had the cheerful, confident air of a man who has plenty of property to fall back upon. Tom had never dreamed his father would 'fail'. A proud sense of family respectability was part of the very air Tom had been born and brought up in. [George Eliot The Mill on the Floss. Penguin Books, 1994, p. 190.]

Let us consider one more example - a passage fromI.A.Goncharov's novel "Oblomov": “Обломов, дворянин родом, коллежский секретарь чином, безвыездно живёт двенадцатый год в Петербурге. Сначала он помещался в двух комнатах, но по смерти отца и матери он стал единственным обладателем трёхсот пятидесяти душ, доставшихся ему в наследство в одной из отдаленных губерний. Он нанял квартиру побольше, прибавил к своему штату ещё повара и завёл было пару лошадей.”

From this passage we understand that Ylya Ylyich Oblomov has his own household in the remote Russian province and lives in the capital as a tenant He has nothing to worry about as a landlord and gets everything he needs from the country.

One more passage from the same novel: “Увяз, любезныйдруг, по уши увяз. И слеп, и глух, и нем для всего остального в мире... Он испытал чувство мирной радости, что он с девяти до трёх, с восьми до девяти может пробыть у себя на диване, и гордился, что не надо идти с докладом, писать бумаг, что есть простор его чувству, воображению”. That is how Oblomov is musing over one of his friend's duties and obligations. (The examples are from T. A. Komova “On British/Fmerican Cultural Studies.”).

This illustrates how the concept of the house can be expended (a good house, plenty of property, квартира побольше) or minimized (у себя на диване) in accordance with somebody’s wish and intentions.

IX. The Concept of Beauty and it’s Cultural Content

Let us study the three respective maps, suggested by T. A. Komova. She asserts that they reflect our attitude to peoples’ appearance:

1. Attractiveness can be described as beautiful, pretty, handsome, comely, preposessing, becoming, lovely, appealing, beauteous, exquisite, adorable, gorgeous, cute, pulchritudinous, ravishing, stunning, good-looking, fair, well-favoured, pleasing, breathtaking, bonny.

2. Ordinary apprearance is desribed as non-descript, plain, unidstinguishable, unremarkable.

3. Unattractiveness, on the contrary, is percived as unbecoming, unpleasing, ugly, homely, unprepossessing, unsightly, hideous, repugnant, repellent, repulsive, unlovely, ill-favoured, ill-featured.

These maps seemed to be very asymmetrical. The first map illustrates that to express our positive appreciation is most natural. Psychologically we are quite willing to praise the person we are talking about above other people (in case if there is a true and friendly feeling).

Now – let’s turn to Longman Essential Activator (1997). We may extend our primary list by some very important information (see p. 56-57-58). Beautiful opens the section with its opposite ugly. The Corpus of Modem English Usage made it possible to categorise what people know about beauty with 7 sub-groups of referents. They are:

1. Beautiful with women comes first, then men, children, animals, things/buildings and places of countryside/views. Beautfulwomen are identified through admiration of those people who notice how extremely attractive (in an unusual and special way) they can be;

2. Good-looking are less beautiful: they are just nice to look at and they have attractive face and body;

3. Pretty are those young, who have an attractive face and good-looking, but not in unusual way;

4. Attractive are mainly women who are good-looking in a way that makes people (read: men) sexually interested in them;

5. In definitons of nice-looking, cute, gorgeous, glamorous, stunning and elegant we find reference to being pleasant and friendly;

6. cute, gorgeous aresexually attractive, or extremely so(cute, gorgeous), imitating a movie star in wearing expensive clothes(glamorous);

7. elegant are thosebeing tall and wearing clothes that look good.

Thus, women are expected to attract men as other people by using their first of all -natural charms, then- clothes and then - friendly looks and smiles.

Let me consider some examples illustrating how these corpus of definitions is used in actual speech:

Karen was even more beautiful than I had remembered. She has a beautiful smile. Ginny was tall and good-looking. She seems to get better-looking the older she gets. Maureen's really pretty, isn't she? She has a pretty face. Francis was charming and attractive girl. A lot of men find plump women attractive.

Ursula, you look absolutely gorgeous in that dress!

The picture showed a glamorous young woman sitting in a sports car.

Beth looked stunning in a beautiful green silk dress.

An elegant young woman sat at the next table, sipping a cocktail.

Now- let’s move to the lexis we use to describe men’s appearance:

Men are beautiful if they are nice to look at, especially if making people sexually interested in them (attractive, cute, gorgeous). If a man looks like a man should do- he is handsome. If a man is friendly and looks pleasant- he is nice-looking but not extremely attractive.

Here’re some contexts to illustrate this:

A tall good-looking man asked me if I wanted to dance.

I don't find those body-builders with huge muscles attractive at all. Look at that guy over there, isn't he gorgeous?

Richard was a handsome man with a lot of charm.

He looks really handsome in his uniform, doesn't he? I supposehe's quite nice-looking, but he's not really my type.

(These and following after examples are taken from “On British- American Cultural Studies” by T. A. Komova).

As we can see the contexts to appreciate the charms of men arequestionable, or even negative.

What about children? It seems they are luckier then men. They are beautiful for their parents if they are good-looking. For everybody else they may be really lovely if look nice and have a pleasant, friendly character. A child is cute if he / she has an amusing character.

Animals are much happier, because they are beautiful if they look extremely attractive and impressive; so nice, that you want to look after them; cute and sweet and even magnificent if they are very beautiful, impressive, large, strong or beautifuly coloured.

Things and buildings are beautiful if one finds pleasure in looking at them, the same can refer to lovely things; the pretty ones are small and delicate (carpets, curtains); magnificent are those which are large and impressive (like animals!)- usually said about old furniture (what about new?), gorgeous are things we admire very much - in this case however we are allowed to be more personal.Exquisite things are small, while elegant should be designed in a simple way but usually are very expensive.

Places / coutryside / views - that we like to visit are beautiful.If we feel relaxed they become lovely. If we find them extremely beautiful and extremely impressive - these places and views are said to be stunning and breathtaking. If we extend our appreciation of beauty to the whole area with rivers and mountains, then they aremagnificent, if what we see around is old and pretty it acquires a quality of being picturesque (especially towns, not rivers now); and if there are roads that go through beautiful countryside the sight of it is scenic.

In the Dictionary of Definitive quotations by Michael McKenna (N.Y., 1983) we read that beauty is of two types. It is illustrated in this dictionary by the following quotations:

1.The first one is from Goethe – when beauty is aesthetically perceived it is said to be God's trademark of creation, … the reflection of which is visible in a thousand different utterances of the creative mind and is as various as nature herself (Goethe);

2.According to Keats - beauty is truth;

3. to Somerset Maugham - it is something wonderful and strange that the artist fashions out of the chaos of the world in the torment of his soul;

4. to Rabindranath Tagore it is truth's smile when she beholds her own face in a perfect mirror. (See, op. cit. p. 21-22.)

Physical beauty becomes socially important. As Aristotle said - it is a greater recommendation than any letter of reference (Aristotle),

Byron determined beauty as “the fatal gift” (Byron), Shakespeare went further in defining this phenomenon and defined it as “a witch against whose charms faith melteth into blood” (Shakespeare), to Stendhal “beauty is nothing other than the promise of happiness”.

It leads to a more general viewpoint of the beauty as a combination of qualities that give pleasure to the senses or to the mind.

The collocations with this word are: beauty queen! beauty sleep (when you go to bed early, before midnight); beauty spot, beauty salon/parlour. Beautiful; beauties; beautify; beautician - are the derivatives that extend the meaning of me original root morpheme. When beauty is used as a noun it is applied to a woman, when beau - to a man, a boyfriend (US- a malelover), now an old fashioned epithet of a rich fashionable young man, a dandy. Hence the beau-monde - the fashionable world of the rich. In Australian English beaut is said of excellent beautiful person or thing. In poetic lofty style of langauge there is a twin adjective beautious,now archaic (Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, p. 92-93).

Etymology of the word beauty goes back to Lat. bellus, Rom.bellitat, and its derivatives were steadily coming into use; beauty (XII c.) beautiful (XIV c.) beautify (XVI c.), beau-1.кавалер,поклонник,2.- франт, щёголь.3. денди, законодатель мод(dandy, lady's suitor, XVII-XVIII c.), beau (ideal type of beauty, XIX c.).

How is the concept of beauty revealed in classical literature? How is the image of “beauty” created? In her book “On British /American Cross-Cultural Studies” T.A. Komova adduces the examples from fiction:

“Imagine a girl, hardly 17 years of age, with a little flower face, a small Greek head and with plaited coils of dark-brown hair, eyes that were violet wells of passion, lips that were like the petalsof a rose”. (Oscar Wilde)

“The baroness gave him a flashing, brilliant smile. She was a woman of more than forty, but in a hard and glittering manner extremely beautiful. She was a high coloured blonde, with golden hair and a metalic lustre, lovely no doubt but not attractive. ... She had fine features, blue eyes, a straight nose, and a pink and white skin, but her skin was stretched over her bones tightly; she was generously decolletee and her white and ample bosom had the quality of marble”. (Somerset Maugham)

And a few words about the beauty of a man:

“He is just what a young man ought to be — sensible, good-humoured, lively; and I never saw such happy manners! So much ease, with such perfect good breeding. He is also handsome, which a young man ought likewise to be, if he possibly can. His character is thereby complete”. (Jane Austen)

Women also can be handsome, thus f.ex. “Emma Woodhouse was handsome, clever, rich, with a comfortable home and happy disposition, and seemed to unit some of the best blessings of existence; and had lived nearly twenty one years in the world with very little to distress or vex her” (Jane Austen).

And now about a much younger girl:

“What sort of a girl is Miss Darcy? I wish I could call her amiable. It gives me pain to speak ill of a Darcy. But she is too much like her brother, very, very proud. She is a handsome girl, about fifteen or sixteen, and I understand highly accomplished” (Jane Austen).

Thus, we can guess that handsome girls are of strong will, while beautiful men are not very manly. The dark-haired beauty is more reliable that that of blond people.

T. A. Komova emphisises that if we now turn to the Russian idea of beauty we can see that Katerina Ivanovna in "The Karamazov brothers" is a blonde, and there was much unpleasantness about her nature, while Grushenka is dark-haired, charming and loved by everybody. In his article "The beautiful in Schiller and Dostoevsky", John D.Simons wrote about two sides of human beauty: the light one implies purity of soul, nice temper, while the dark side of beauty implies passion. Dostoevsky recognizes the good effects of beauty. He observes that people are drawn to beauty when they are in distress, when they are at variance with reality or in a state of disharmony. They seek it out for its restorative power: "Beauty is therefore inherent in everything that is healthy, that is to say, everything that is most of all alive; it is the embodyment of mankind's ideals". In his notebook to "The Idiot" Dostoevsky wrote: "Beauty will save the world - two kinds of beauty". In this novel Nastasya Fillypovna is beauty in degradation, while Aglaya symbolizes beauty in innocence.

In many cases beauty is associated with human heart, human nature.

What about modem short stories of the writers of the end of the 20-th century? It seems (as T. A. Komova states) that “...something happened probably, because people are losing the sense of beauty of being kind, pure, generous, obliging, faithful...”.

X. Happiness as a Concept.

o a learner of English happy and happiness become known first as words used in current collocations: a happy smile, happy marriage, happy ending, Happy New Year!, a happy event (рождение ребёнка, разрешение от бремени), Many happy returns of the day!, happy hour (в нужный момент), happy thought (верно!), happy tears (cлёзы счастья) ,happy guess(правильная догадка), true happiness and so on.

If we turn to the dictionary entries, learn the synonyms, study their etymology, we shall discover that the conceptual field of happiness covers about 20 items, where hap is a central word:

Hap - mishap - haphazard - perhaps – happily- happy – happiness

Russian eqivalents of the following words are: mishap -неудача, казус; haphazard - необычайный случай, случайность.

This field demonstrates different possibilities of morphological extension.

According to T. A. Komova investigation the extension is the following: the combination of Latin prefix mis and Fr. per- with the single (mishap) or the plural(perhaps) forms of the noun (hap); compounding in haphazard (from Arab. Az-zahr, a game at dice –играв кости), with a reference to something that takes place accidentally, without our control or prior arrangement. Latin, as in many other cases, suggests accident, vicissitud; French brings inchance, thus supplying the English speaker with a variety of "fitting, convenient, orderly" ways of expressing the idea in question.*

Happy as prosperous(успешный,процветающий) comes to use in the XIV c., the meaning of "having a feeling of con’tent" (довольство,удовлетворённость – в отличие от ‘content –содержание) is registered much later in the XVI c.

In Modem English Dictionary this meaning is given first, and the following diagram will make the picture complete:

(The diagram is from T. A. Komova “On British- American Cultural Studies”)

*Lat. Vicissitude (злоключение - change of day and night à vic – turn), Lat. Accident (случай), Fr. Chancе(событие).

The analysis of the literary texts shows that happiness of the main characters is located in time.

The most striking association between the concept of being happy and happiness and that of colour in the concept of an orchard in full blossom. This is well known form "The Cherry Orchard" by A.Chekhov, peach trees in "Bliss' by Catherine Mansfield, apple-trees with their pink and white petals in Thomas Hardy's "Under the Greenwood Tree". Another association that is that of spring, Easter week or the first of May:

"It was ten o'clock in the morning. Through the window Scarlet could see the bright riot of the twin lines of daffodils bordering the gravel­led driveway and the golden masses of yellow jessamine spreading flowery sprangles modestly to the earth like crinolines. On the bed lay her apple-green watered silk ball dress ... but Scarlet struggled at the sight of it What dress should she wear to the barbecue? What dress would best set off her charms? She chose the green-sprigged muslin dress with a low neck. I'll remember how beautiful the day is till I die, thought Scarlet". By the way - her wedding is on the 30^th of April, and Ashley's - on the 1^st of May... (From "Gone with the wind" by M.Mitchell.)

Let us compare:

В середине мая князь Андрей возвращался из поездки по опекунским делам через имение Ростовых. Его поселили в комнате, над которой были комнаты Наташи и Сони. Ночью он случайно услышал их беседу: «Какая прелесть. Я не могу спать. Душенька, голубушка, я не могу спать. Обхватила бы себя туже под коленками и полетела».

(Через день:) Князь Андрей ехал мимо дуба и старый дуб млел в лучах вечернего солнца чуть колыхаясь. Сквозь кору пробились новые побеги. И на него вдруг нашло беспричинное чувство радости. Нет, жизнь не кончена в тридцать один год. Нашло чувство весеннего обновления - и радости. (Л.Толстой, «Война и мир»).

T. A. Komova states that “...in Russian and for the Russianshappiness is a multifarious phenomenon with many constituents”. The examples taken from different dictionaries of Modem Russian prove it:

Счастье - состояние высшей удовлетворенности жизнью, чувство глубокой радости, довольства.

See: Семейное счастье. Счастье в игре. Народное счастье. Военное счастье.

Да счастье, у кого есть этакий сынок! (А Грибоедов.)

Счастье твоё, дитятко, что ты ко мне прежде зашёл, а то не бывать бы тебе живому. (А. Толстой, «Василиса Премудрая».)

Счастливо! Счастливо оставаться! Как я был влюблён в эту ночь, как счастлив! (Л. Толстой, «Казаки».)

Я видел счастливого человека, мечта которого осуществилась. (А.Чехов, «Крыжовник».)

Счастливые часов не наблюдают. (А.Грибоедов.)

Удача совокупность благоприятных обстоятельств, счастье,везение.

Радость - чувство удовольствия, удовлетворения.

Я шёл радостный и весёлый. И как было не радоваться.Дерсу опять шёл со мной. (В.Короленко.)

«Так вы знаете?» - спросила она с радостным лицом.(Л. Толстой.)

Блаженство - высшая ступень счастья.

Но я не создан для блаженства - ему чужда душа моя (А. Пушкин).

Нет, Полина, вы ещё не знаете высокого блаженства жить своим трудом. (А.Островский.)

We could extend the membership investigating the thematic field both in Russian and English so that to include new facets of the concept.

Список литературы, рекомендованной для студентов:

Теоретические источники:

1. Апресян Ю. Д. О языке толкований и семантических примитивах// Избр. Труды. Т.2. М., 1992.

2. Арутюнова Н. Д. Язык и мир человека. М.,1998.

3. Вежбицкая А. Язык. Культура. Познание. М., 1996.

4. Верещагин Е. М., Костомаров В. Г. Язык и культура. М., 1973.

5. Гудков Д. Б. Теория и практика межкультурной коммуникации. М., 2003.

6. Гумилёв Л. Н. Этносфера: История людей и история природы. М., 1993.

7. Караулов Ю. Н. Русский язык и языковая личность. М., 1997.

8. Коул М. Культурно – историческая психология. Наука будущего. М, 1997.

9. Красных В. В. Этнопсихолингвистика и лингвокультурология. М., 2002.

10. Маслова В. А. Лингвокультуология: учебное пособие для студентов. М., 2001.

11. Степанов Ю. С. Константы. Словарь русской культуры. М., 1997.

12. Телия В. Н. Русская фразеология. Семантический, прагматический и культурный аспекты. М., 1996.

13. Hirsh E. D. Cuitural Literacy. (What Every American Needs to Know). Boston, 1988.

14. Lakoff G., Johnson M. Metaphors we Live By. Chicago, 1990.

Словари (любое издание):