LINKING WORDS
| Addition (positive)
| And, both… and, not only… but (also/ as well), too, moreover, in addition to, furthermore, further, also, not to mention the fact that, besides, what’s more, on top of that
| The new manager’s well-qualified and energetic.
| | Addition (negative)
| Neither… nor, nor, neither, either, to make matters worse
| Neither our top manager nor our middle manager know French.
| | Contrast
| But, not… but, although, while, whereas, despite, even if, even though, on the other hand, in contrast, however, (and) yet, at the same time, all the same, on the contrary, as opposed to
| Our top manager doesn’t know French; however he speaks English fluently.
| | Similarity
| Similarly, likewise, in the same way, equally
| One can learn about various cultures by reading. Similarly, a trip to another country can do the trick.
| | Concession
| But, even so, however, (and) still, (and) yet, nevertheless, on the other hand, although, even though, despite/ in spite of, regardless of, admittedly considering, whereas, while, nonetheless, still
| They carried on working on the project, even though the first tests were unsuccessful.
| | Alternative
| Or, on the other hand, either… or, alternatively
| You can tell them the bad news, or you can let them find out themselves.
| | Emphasis
| Besides, not only this but… also, as well, what is more, in fact, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth, actually, indeed, let alone
| I’m afraid you are not qualified for the job and, what is more, you are far too young.
| | Exemplification
| As, such as, like, for example, for instance, particularly, especially, in particular
| All the reports were excellent, but Petrov’s one in particular was superb.
| | Clarification
| That is to say, specifically, in other words, to put it another way, to be perfectly honest, to tell you the truth, by the way, incidentally
| The manager is upset. Specifically, he’s upset about your poor performance.
| | Cause/ Reason
| As, because, because of, since, on the grounds that, seeing that, due to, in view of, owing to, for, now that, so
| The city is in ruins now that the bombings had become regular
| | Manner
| As, (in) the way, how, the way in which, (in) the same way (as), as if, as though
| The manager explained how the task could be performed.
| | Condition
| If, in case, assuming (that), on condition (that), provided (that), providing (that), unless, in the event (that), in the event of, as/so long as, granting/granted (that), whether, whether … or, only if, even if, otherwise, or (else), in case of
| We will contact you in the event we decide to take you on.
| | Consequence of a condition
| Consequently, then, under those circumstances, if so, if not, so, therefore, in that case, otherwise, thus
| You might be asked tricky questions. If so, don’t get frustrated about it.
| | Purpose
| So that, so as (not) to, in order (not) to, in order that, for fear (that), in case, lest
| Make notes in your vocabulary so as not to forget the new words.
| | Effect/ Result
| Such/so… that, consequently, for this reason, as a consequence, thus, therefore, so, as a result, accordingly, hence, in turn
| She had been revising for her exams too hard and, as a consequence, she had a nervous breakdown.
| | Comparison
| As… as, than, half as … as, nothing like, the… the, twice as… as, less… than
| Your results this term are nothing like the last term’s.
| | Time
| When, whenever, as, while, now (that), before, until, till, after, since
| I’ll call you when I arrive at the airport.
| | Place
| Where, wherever
| You can’t park your car wherever you want to.
| | Exception
| But (for), except (for), apart from
| Your report was good but for one point.
| | Relative
| Who, whom, whose, which, what, that
| Mrs Jones is the woman who is in charge of the company.
| | Reference
| Considering, concerning, regarding, with respect/ regard/ reference to, in respect/ regard/ reference to this/ to the fact that
| Considering all the evidence the jury found the accused “not guilty”
| | Chronological
| Beginning: initially, first…, at first, to start/begin with, first of all, for a start, in the first place, for one thing
Continuing: secondly…, after this/ that, second…., afterwards, then, next, before this
Concluding: finally, at last, in the end, eventually, lastly, last but not the least
| First of all, I’d like to tell you about the background of the problem…
Then, I must give various points of view on the issue…
Finally, I want to thank everybody for attention.
| | Summarizing
| In conclusion, in summary, to sum up, as I have said, as)it) was previously stated, on the whole, in all, all in all, altogether, in short, briefly, to put it in a nutshell
| To sum up the government must spend more money on public services.
| | Generalizing
| Broadly speaking, generally speaking, by and large, to a large/ some/ a certain extent
| To some extent this has been an encouraging year for the company
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