National association of securities dealers automated quotationLeading export: 1)electrical an office machinery 2)chemical products 3)motor vehicles 4)airplanes and aviation parts 5)scientific equipment
International trade: 1)Canada 2)mexico 3)Japan 4)china 5)UK
Major import: 1)manufactured goods 2) good and beverages 3) petroleum and fuel products 4)machinery and transportation equipment Amtrack operates a 2100miles system of railways serving more than 500 stations across the country Navigable waterways are 1) The Mississippi river system 2) The great lakes St Lawrence seaway system in the north 3) The gulf coast waterways along the gulf of mexico The great depression is the period of severe economic failure in most countries of the world that lasted from 1929 until world war 2 The depression begins in the US when the NYSE fell on 29 october 1929 =black Tuesday. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the 20th century. The Great Depression had devastating effects in countries rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%. Unemployment in the U.S. rose to 25%, and in some countries rose as high as 33%.Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially those dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries. Farming and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by approximately 60%. The new deal program was started in 1933.It aimed at immediate economic relief and reforms in industry, agriculture, finance,waterpower, labor and housing
23. Media. Newspapers and Magazines.
The news media are those elements of the mass media that focus on delivering news to the general public or a target public. These include print media(newspapers, newsmagazines), broadcast news (radio and television), and more recently the Internet (online newspapers, news blogs, etc.).
America's first continuously-published newspaper, the Boston News-Letter published its first issue on April 24, 1704. John Campbell, a bookseller and postmaster of Boston, was its first editor, printing the newspaper on what was then referred to as a half-sheet. It originally appeared on a single page, printed on both sides and issued weekly. The very first venture was attempted in 1690 (September), with the publication of " Publick Occurrences. Both Forreign and Domestick It came to a sudden end after a single issue. Fourteen years later in 1704, the Boston News-Letter made its debut. Publication continued for 72 more yearsThe First Amendment states: "Congress shall make no law... abridging the freedom of speech or of the press..." This made it possible for a free press to develop over the next 2 centuries as one of America's strongest watchdogs over government actions and protectors of individual rights. In fact, one of America's greatest political journalists was one of its first, Thomas Paine. Paine's stirring writings urging independence made him the most persuasive "media" figure of the American Revolution against Britain in 1776.By the early 1800s, the United States had entered a period of swift technological progress that marked the real beginning of the "modern media." The high-speed printing press was developed, driving down the cost of printing. Expansion of the educational system taught more Americans to read. Publishers realized that a profitable future belonged to cheap newspapers with large readerships and increased advertising. The press went from a small upper class readership to mass readership in just a few years. By the 1820s, about 25 dailies and more than 400 weeklies were being published in the United States. Horace Greeley founded the New York Tribune in 1841, and it quickly became the most influential newspaper in America. Other important dailies, such as the New York Times, Baltimore Sun, and Chicago Tribune were founded in the 1850s. Two media giants, Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst, began building their newspaper empires after the Civil War (1861-1865). Their fierce competition produced "yellow journalism" -- sensational and often inaccurate reporting aimed at attracting readers. "Chain" newspapers under the same ownership became a dominant feature in the early 20th century. In addition to the front-running Hearst chain, the Scripps-Howard and Cowles chains grew following World War I.In spite of the serious competition from television after World War II, more than two-thirds of American adults read a daily newspaper on an average weekday. The top five daily newspapers by circulation are: the Wall Street Journal, USA Today, the New York Times, Los Angeles Times, and the Washington Post. It was forbidden to publish: 1) defamation(клевета);2) obscenity(непристойность); 3)military secrets; 4) private life; In 1970s investigative journalism appeared. Its founder was Publitzer. Mucracking (публично разоблачать злоупотребления должностных лиц) was phenomenon of alternative mass media. Early in the 20th century, newspaper editors realized that the best way to attract readers was to give them all sides of a story, without bias. This standard of objective reporting is today one of American journalism’s most important feature. Another dominant feature of early 20th century journalism was the creation of chains of newspapers operating under the same ownership. Most general-purpose newspapers are either being printed one time a week, usually on Thursday or Friday. The top five daily newspapers by circulation in 1995 were the Wall Street Journal, the USA Today, the New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, the Washington Post. There is also a global newspaper – the International Herald Tribune, which is owned jointly by the New York Times and the Washington Post and is printed via satellite in 11 cities around the world. Today, American newspapers face competition not only from network TV, but from a whole spectrum of targeted and specialized media, including personalized web services, local cable programming, interactive television, special-interest publications, catalogs and other direct-mail initiatives. Newspapers are relying on new technology to meet the challenge. Through the Internet, electronic newspapers can be transmitted to hand-held computers and printed using personal computers.
Magazines – are publications that appear on a regular schedule and contain a variety of articles. They are financed by advertising, a purchase price, pre-paid subscriptions or sometimes all three of these means.
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