B Write Put in among, as, beside, between, by, down (or up), due, except, like, past, without. DELIVERED AND SIGNED FOR!

1... my grandmother used to say, 'Don't sign for anything 2... checking it first.' I forgot this good advice when two delivery-men brought my new sideboard yesterday. Delivery was very late3... to the heavy traffic on the road. I saw the delivery-van go4... the house and stop outside a neighbour's5... the street. Then I watched it reverse until it stopped right6... my house. I went outside to look into the back of the van: there was my lovely sideboard7... several pieces of furniture! It was quite heavy, but the two men managed it 8... them. Soon, the beautiful sideboard was in place,9... the dining-room wall. I had waited so long for it, it was10... a dream! It was only when the men left that I realized I had checked everying 11... the keys. It had been delivered12... keys! It was too late to phone the shop, but I needn't

have worried because next morning the keys arrived in the post. I unlocked the sideboard and found a note inside which said, 'Keys will follow…

 

8.5 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (3)

8.5A Prepositions, particles, etc. often confused and misused [> LEG App 25.26-37]

1 of, out of, from and with after made - We use made of and made out of when we can actually recognize the material(s): made of iron, etc. We use made from when the ingredients are not immediately obvious: a cake from eggs, milk and flour. We use made with (= contains) to identify one or more of the ingredients: These chocolates are made with fresh cream.

2 of and off - We never use of and off in place of each other. We always use a noun or pronoun object after of: north of the river, a woman of 50. We can use an object after off, or we can use it on its own to suggest separation: just off the motorway, take the top off.

3 on and in - We often use both of these to refer to the body. On refers to surface: on your nose. In suggests 'deep': a speck in my eye, or refers to pain: a pain in my stomach.

4 out of and outside. Out of is the opposite of into when we are describing movement: We ran out of the building. In this sense, we can't replace out of by outside. Compare uses without movement: He is out of his office. (= not here) He is outside the office. (= waiting)

5 over, above and on top of - Over (= covering, sometimes touching): Keep the blankets over you. Above (= at a higher level and not touching): a light above my head. On top of (= touching): on top of the TV. We can use over and above in place of each other to mean 'vertically at a higher level': a helicopter over/above a lifeboat. We cannot use over and above in place of each other when all we are concerned with is 'a higher level' (not vertical). If, for example, we were referring to two cats on a tree we would say that A was above B, not over it. We also use both words to refer to rank, etc.; over/ above the rank of colonel.

6 under, underneath and below - Under (= covered by, sometimes touching); underneath (= completely covered by): a mat under / underneath a hot dish. Below is the opposite of above and we can use it in place of under / underneath. Below (Not *under*) refers to position (below the knee).

7 with and without - We use with and without to mean 'accompanied by' or 'not accompanied by': with/without my sister. With can suggest 'having': with your hands in your pockets, and 'taking into consideration': with the high cost of living. With follows common adjectives (e.g. angry) and we use it in expressions like blue with cold. Without + -ing can suggest 'and not do something': Go into the room without waking the children.

8 with, without, in and of - We can use with and without to mean 'carrying'/'not carrying': with a handbag, without any money. We can also refer to physical characteristics: with a big nose; and such things as hairstyles and make-up: with pink lipstick. We can use in to mean 'wearing': the man in the blue suit. We can also refer to voice quality: in a loud voice. Of can describe personal qualities: a man of courage; age: a man of 65; or wealth: a woman of substance.

Write: Supply suitable words. Refer to the notes only when you have to.

1 of, out of, from or with after made? 1 You rarely find toys made... solid wood. 2 Beer is made... hops. 3 Bronze is made... copper and tin. 4 This sauce is made... fresh cream.

2 of or off? 5 We live south... the river. 6 Our house is just... the main road.

3 on or in? 7 There's a black mark... your nose. 8 I've got a speck of dust... my eye. 9 I've got a deep cut... my foot. 10 I've got a light scratch... my arm.

4 Out of or outside? 11 We ran... the house, into the street.12 Mr Ray's not here. He's... his office.13 Please wait... the headmaster's study. 14 There was a big crowd... the building.

5 over, above or on top of? 23 I can't sleep with a light... my head. 24 Don't put that cup... my papers, please. 25 The helicopter was... the lifeboat. 26 My bedroom is... the kitchen. 27 We have the sky... us. 28 We don't want a boss like that... us. 29 Major is... the rank of Captain. 30 His work is... average. 31 The answer is on the next page. See... mayor - мер

6 Under, underneath or below? 32 There's nothing new... the sun. 33 I think she's... 17. 34 Put a mat... that saucepan. 35 The stone hit me just... the knee. 36 What's... the rank of Captain? 37 She swam just... the surface. 38 I have two people... me at work.

7 With or without? 15 Enter the room... making a noise. 16... all our expenses, we can't save.17 She was very angry... me. 18 I turned blue... cold. 19 'Life... father' is a famous book. 20 As an orphan, I grew up... parents. 21 He stood... his hands in his pockets. 22 I was green... envy!

8 With, without, in or of? 39 Who's the woman... the green umbrella? 40 I can't pay. I'm... any money. 41 The camera comes... a case included. 42 Who's the woman... the green blouse? 43 He spoke... a quiet voice. 44 He's a man... a red moustache. 45 She's a woman...38. 46 She's a woman... intelligence.

8.5B Write Put in with, out of, on top of, over, off, of, in, above, below. THE AMAZING FLYING HAT. She was a striking woman 1... of about 25, dressed for the races. 2... her smart dress and fantastic hat made3... feathers, she drew admiring glances as she walked down the street. Her hat attracted even more attention when a gust4... wind lifted it 5... her head and carried it into the air. We all stopped to watch as this amazing hat flew6... our heads. People came7... buildings and into the street. The young woman 8... the smart dress was as entertained as the rest 9... us. Suddenly, the hat rested 10... a high building and we lost sight of it. Then the wind lifted it up again. ‘There it is!' cried a man 11... an umbrella. He jabbed his umbrella at the sky 12... Then an amazing thing happened. The hat simply disappeared! The mystery was solved when someone shouted 13... a loud voice. There was a tall yellow crane 14... a high building and the crane driver looked down at the crowd 15... 'Lost your hat, miss?' the crane cried and we all gasped 16... surprise when we saw that the hat had been caught by his crane!

 

8.6 Phrasal verbs: Type 1, verb + preposition (transitive)

8.6A Introduction to phrasal verbs [> LEG 8.23-26]

We often combine verbs with prepositions and adverb particles [> 8.1A-B] to form phrasal verbs. These verbs can have non-idiomatic or idiomatic meanings and we use them a lot. So, for example, if someone knocks at the door, we would probably say 'Come in! ' rather than 'Enter'. We would say 'take off' your jacket, rather than 'remove' it, and so on. We can define four types of phrasal verbs according to form. As you learn new verbs, get used to recognizing them as one of these four types so that you learn how to use them. Note the terms: transitive (= followed by a noun or pronoun object) [> 1.2B] intransitive (= not followed by a noun or pronoun object) [> 1.26]

Type 1: verb + preposition (transitive): e.g. Listen to this record. Listen to it. Listen!

Type 2: verb + particle (transitive): e.g. Take off your hat. Take your hat off. Take it off.

Type 3: verb + particle (intransitive): e.g. Hurry up! Sit down!

Type 4: verb + particle + preposition (transitive): e.g. We've run out of matches.

 

8.6B Type 1: Verb + preposition + object, non-idiomatic: 'look at the camera'

These verbs are used in their normal sense. [> LEG 8.27.2, App 28]

Write: Supply the missing prepositions.

1 I don't agree... your proposal. 2 Mr Potter suffers... asthma. ['æsmə] астма, ядуха 3 Please don't insist... paying the bill. 4 I wouldn’t think... borrowing money. 5 These two pictures differ... each other. 6 Choose... the two. 7 Where did you read... it? 8 I'm depending... you. 9 We can only guess... the truth. 10 Please wait... me. 11 Knock... the door. 12 Ask... the menu. 13 I don't agree... you. 14 How do you know... this? 15 Does this jacket belong... you? 16 Let's begin... tomato soup. 17 Can you look... the children for tonight. 18 I couldn't wish... a nicer office. 19 We failed... our attempt to win the race. 20 You can't reason... him. 21 This pie tastes...onion. 22 I don't believe... fairies. 23 I succeeded... starting the engine. 24 The police are looking... the robbers.

 

8.6C Type 1: Verb + object + preposition + object, non-idiomatic: 'tell me about it'

These verbs are used in their normal sense. [> LEG 8.27.3, App 29]

Write: Supply the missing prepositions.

1 I've arranged an excursion for you. 2 He accused me... lying. 3 You can't hide the truth... me. 4 Would you kindly explain this... me? 5 Invest some money... this company. 6 I can't advise you... your private life. 7 Insure your house... storm damage. 8 Translate this report... Spanish for me. 9 I'll reserve a seat... you. 10 You remind me... my sister. 11 Don't associate me... them. 12 Can you forgive me... what I did. 13 They robbed me... my wallet 14 Don't repeat this... anyone. 15 You can't blame me... this. 16 He stole money... the firm.

 

8.6D Type 1: Verb + preposition + object, idiomatic: 'get over an illness' [> LEG 8.27.4, App 30]

We cannot relate the parts of these verbs to their literal meanings: e.g. I don't know what came over me. (= affected)

Write: Match these verbs (1-20) with the explanations on the right (a-t) after you have tried to explain them in your own way.

1 Eggs don't agree with me. F 2 Please call for me at 6...3 I came across this old book... 4 The dog went for the postman... 5 Let's go after him... 6 Can I count on you for help?... 7 I haven't got over my cold yet... 8 This dress will do for Jane... 9 Where did you come by this information?...10 You can't dictate to me...11 I'll sleep on your suggestion... 12 I can't make anything of this...13 I won't stand for your rudeness...14 Is there anyone here to wait on us?...15 The cost runs into millions... 16 She took to English quickly... 17 He's been sitting on my application...18 You take after your father... 19 You can look over the house...20 You don't have to stand over me, you know...

a) decide later b) found (it) easy c) found d) reaches e) supervise f) have a bad effect on g) doing nothing with h) obtain i) come and collect j) resemble k) serve l) attacked m) give orders to n) try and catch o) inspect p) rely on q) understand r) tolerate s) be all right for t) recovered from

 

8.6E Write: Put in at, for, from, in, of, on, out of or to. Use each word at least once. IS THERE ANYBODY THERE? A dentist in Bavaria has been haunted by a voice which swears 1 at him all the time. The voice comes2... light sockets, washbasins and the telephone. It is a sharp, deep voice which laughs 3... the dentist and mocks him. The poor dentist is suffering 4... a bad case of nerves. Recently, the voice was recorded and broadcast, so now everyone in Bavaria is looking 5... the ghost, but so far no one has succeeded 6... finding it. People who don't believe 7... ghosts think it is just a practical joke. The voice always shouts 8... the dentist, but speaks sweetly 9... his 17-year-old assistant, Claudia. But no one can blame Claudia 10... the behaviour of the ghost or accuse her11... playing tricks 12... her poor boss. Engineers don't know what to make 13... it. 'He's a technical genius,' one of them said. The ghost has responded 14... all this activity by saying, in a thick Bavarian accent, 'You'll never get hold 15... me!'

 

8.7 Phrasal verbs: Type 2, verb + particle (transitive)

8.7A Type 1 and Type 2 phrasal verbs compared [> LEG 8.23, Apps 32, 33]

1 We use prepositions after Type 1 phrasal verbs. We cannot separate the preposition from the verb: I'm looking at the camera. (Not *I'm looking the camera at. *)

2 We can separate the adverb particle from a Type 2 verb and put it immediately after the noun object: She gave away her books.\ She gave her books away.

3 If the object is a pronoun, we cannot put the particle in Give it away. (Not *Give away it. *) Give them away. (Not *Give away them. *)

4 Special note: In ‘She gave away her books’, away is an adverb particle [> 8.1 B], not a preposition, even if it has an object after it. Unlike a preposition, a particle is 'mobile' and can be used before or after a noun object. [> LEG 8.28.2]

Write: Use arrows to show which adverb particles you can move in these sentences 1 I'm looking for my glasses. 2 I read about it in the papers. 3 Did you turn the gas off? 4 Yes, I've just turned it off. 5 Have you given the papers out? 6 Yes, I've given them out. 7 Write the information down here please. 8 A crowd emerged from the cinema. 9 Don't associate with him. 10 We've dealt with the problem.

 

8.7B Type 2: Particles that extend the verb:'write down’ [> LEG 8.28.3-4, App 32]

A single particle can strengthen or extend the meaning of a verb:

a The scarecrow frightened the birds away. (away refers to 'distance’)

b I was holding my hat and the wind snatched it away, (away refers to 'detachment’)

c I got a cloth and wiped away the coffee I had spilled, (away refers to 'disappearance')

d Please put these dishes away, (away refers to 'tidying'). The verb often has its non-idiomatic meaning, but the particle 'extends' this meaning: e.g. pull out, push away, wash away, move back, burn down, bring in, cut off.

Write: Match these meanings to the adverb particles in the sentences below: a 'put on paper’ b 'exclusion' c 'addition' d 'out of bed' e 'completely' f 'movement out’

g 'permanence' h 'movement in' i 'enclose’ j 'clearly' k ‘removal’ l 'reduction' m 'to the ground' n 'extension' o 'into pieces' p 'distribution' q 'inwards' ('destroy') r 'up from the surface' s 'confine' t 'downwards direction'

1 drive the car out. 2 leave that word out... 3 take that stain out... 4 put out your hand... 5 copy this out...6 give these out... 7 let him in... 8 lock him in... 9 write this in...10 beat the door in... 11 pull that line up... 12 pick that up... 13 fill this car up... 14 chop that wood up... 15 let the patient up... 16 wrap this box up... 17 cut the tree down... 18 turn the heat down... 19 close the shop down...20 write this down...

 

8.7C Type 2: Verb + particle + object, idiomatic: 'bring about a change' [> LEG 8.28.5, App 33] We cannot relate the parts of these verbs to their literal meanings: e.g. What brought about this change? What brought this change about? What brought it about? (= caused to happen)

Write: Match these verbs (1-15) with the explanations: A get my revenge B discuss your grievance C fill D give me accommodation E publish F invent G destroyed H make him stop talking I ended J clean K reveal his dishonesty L mention M revealed N phone O understand

 

1 When will they bring your article out? E 2 So she's broken off her engagement!...3 Don't bring that subject up again please!...4 Why don't you call up your mother?...5 Shall I do your room out?...6 What excuse did he cook up this time?...7 They're sure to find him out...8 You've given away the secret...9 I can't make out what he means... 10 If you're angry, have it out with her...11 I'll pay you back for this!... 12 Can you put me up for the night?...13 Shut him upl...14 The earthquake wiped the village out...15 Why don't you top up the battery?...