D Write: Put in the simple past or past progressive. Note where both forms are possible. TUG-OF-WAR WITH A HEDGE-HOG

Mrs May, our District Nurse, (drive)1 was driving home at 3 a.m. one night after an urgent visit to asick patient. She (drive)2... along a deserted country lane, when she (see) 3... a new kind of animal. She (stop)4... her car and (get out] 5... The animal (be) 6... clearly visible in the blaze of her headlights. It (look) 7... like a hedgehog with a tall white hat. It (cross) 8... the road without paying any attention to Mrs May. When Mrs May (go) 9... close to it, she (notice)10... that there was a plastic yoghurt pot on the hedgehog's head. The poor creature had got its head stuck in the plastic pot! Her instincts as a nurse (tell) 11... her she would have to rescue it, so she (pull)12... at the pot, but the hedgehog (pull)13... too. After a struggle, she (pull)14... the pot off the hedgehog's head. Mrs May (think)15... the hedgehog (look)16... rather sad, when she (notice)17... that the pot was half full of strawberry yoghurt. She (give) 18... it back to the hedgehog. The creature (seize)19... it, (put)20... it on its head again, and triumphantly (continue) its journey across the road.

9.5 The simple present perfect and present perfect progressive S + have, has + V-ed Що зробилося? >-->! >-->!->;

9.5A Uses of the simple present perfect tense: 'I have eaten, she has lived since, for…' [> LEG 9.22-27]

There are two basic uses of the simple present perfect tense. We use it to describe:

1 Actions beginning in the past and continuing up to the present moment:

- with time references like: before (now), ever, never... before, up till now, so far. I have received 20 cards so far. I have never tasted papaya (before).

- with since/for. I've lived here since 1980. I've lived here for 20 years. [> 7.3A]

2 Actions which happened at an unspecified time in the past:

- with no time reference at all: Have you passed your driving test? (Depending on context, this could mean 'very recently' or 'at any time up to now'.)

- with references to recent time,like just, recently, already, still, yet. I've just eaten.

- repeated/habitual actions: I've watched him on TV several times. I've often met her.

Write: Supply the simple present perfect tense of the verbs in brackets:

1 Up to now l ‘ve visited twenty countries.2 He... six letters so far. (type) 3... couscous? (you ever eat) 4 They... like this before, (never quarrel) 5 I... to Marco since 1999. (not write) 6 We... there since we were young, (not be) 7 I saw her in May, but... her since, (not see) 8 She... the same car for fifteen years, (drive) 9 I... them for many years, (know) 10 She... in that shop for ages! (not be) 11 They... a new car. (buy)

12 He... all over the world, (travel) 13... your promise? (you forget) 14 I... an elephant, (ride) 15 She... in from Rome, (just fly) 16 She... a director, (recently become) 17 They... to me. (already speak) 18 I... my tea yet. (not drink) 19 She still... my letter, (not answer) 20 I... her several times.(meet)

9.5B The present perfect progressive tense: S + have, has been + V-ing 'I have been eating since, for…' [> LEG 9.32-34] >-->!->;

1 We use the present perfect progressive in place of the simple present perfect when we want to emphasize that something has been in progress throughout a period: Instead of saying: I've typed all day, we can say, for emphasis, I've been typing all day. Depending on context this may mean I'm still typing or I've just recently stopped.

2 Some verbs like learn, lie, live, rain, sit, sleep, stand, study, wait, work, naturally suggest continuity [> 7.3B] and we often use them with since and for [> 7.3A]. We can use them in the simple present perfect tense: I've waited here for two hours. I've worked here since 1987. But we most often use them in the progressive: I've been waiting here for two hours. I've been working here since 1987.

Write: Supply the present perfect progressive tense to the verbs in brackets: 1 I'm tired. I have been digging all day. (dig) 2 How long... here? (you wait) 3 I... here since 6 o'clock, (stand) 4 How long... Chinese? (you learn) 5 She... English for five years, (study) 6 You're out of breath....? (you run) 7 We... here for twelve years. (live) 8 Your eyes are red.... …(You cry)? 9 How long...? (the children sleep) 10 What... all afternoon? (you do)

 

9.5C The simple present perfect and the present perfect progressive compared [> LEG 9.34]

The simple present perfect and the progressive forms mean different things here: I've been painting this room. It will look good when it's finished, (the job is unfinished) > I've painted this room. Doesn't it look good? (the job is definitely finished)

Write: Supply the simple present perfect or the present perfect progressive: 1a I’ ve typed all your letters. The job's done, (type) 1b I... this report since yesterday and I'm only half way through, (type) 2a Your mother is still in the kitchen. She... all morning, (cook) 2b I... a lovely meal which I'll be serving in a couple of minutes, (cook) 3a We... this garage ourselves and have just begun to use it. (build) 3b We... this garage ourselves and hope to finish it within the next two months, (build)

 

9.5D The simple past and the simple present perfect compared [> LEG 9.23,9.26.1]

With the simple past we have to say or imply something happenened [> 7.3A, 9.3C]: I finished the job yesterday, an hour ago, etc. (Not 'I have finished the job yesterday.) With the present perfect, we do not say 'exactly when': I have finished the job. Even if we say I have just finished the job, we are still not saying 'exactly when' [> 9.5A].

Write: Supply the simple past or the simple present perfect in these pairs of sentences.

1a She never read a book until she was 25. (never read) 1b She is 80 and... a book in her life, (never read) 2a I... lunch an hour ago. (have) 2b I... lunch, (just have) 3a... to the bank yet? (he go) 3b... to the bank at lunch time? (he go)