Grammatical transformations consist of substitution, transposition, omission and supplementation . They help to come up with the main meaning.1. Substitution (replacement: замещание) Substitution stands for using a word for another to give identical meaning as it has mentioned above. It could be shown in contexts with verbs in English. Substitution is often accompanied by another grammatical transformation – replacement, which is resulted in changing grammatical indications of word forms (e. g., instead of the form of singular the form of plural is used in translation), parts of speech (e. g., Infinitive in translation is transformed into Noun), members of sentence (e. g., Object is transformed into Subject in translation) and sentences (e. g., simple sentence is transformed into a complex one and vice versa): 1) Much work has been done on the problem.З цієї проблеми написано багато праць. 2. Inversion (from Latin inversio – turning, overturn, replacement) or permutation is changing a strict word order in a sentence. Usually inversion is used for highlighting an element replaced in a sentence or for conferring a special meaning to the whole sentence. In the corner stood a long low table. 1) Thus began their friendship. 2) Up in that lake country were many, many lakes. 3. Addition is a grammatical transformation resulted in increasing the number of words, word forms or members of sentence in translation. In the following examples word forms applications and introduces are translated by combination of two words. 1) There are many different applications of this material.Цей матеріал застосовують у багатьох різних науках. 4. Omission is such grammatical transformation, which is resulted in removing a certain speech element (not rarely this is a pleonastic word, word form, member of a sentence or a part of a sentence):1) The explosion was terrible while it lasted. Вибух був жахливий. 2) This is a very difficult problem to tackle. Це дуже складна проблема. 4.Transposition - it’s a change in the order of linguistic elements, which are words, phrases, clauses and sentences.The transposition of the sentence elements is sometimes called sentence restructuring, because the sentence is getting restructured in the process of translation. E.g. ) A suburban train was derailed near London last night. - Вчера вечером вблизи Лондона сошёл с рельс пригородный поезд. 5.Exclusion is another widely used grammar transformation owing to the use of which a certain linguistic element is eliminated. It may be a word, a word form or even a part of a sentence: Дієту з низьким вмістом оксалатів зазвичай визначають як таку, що містить менш ніж 50 мг оксалатів на добу.A low oxalate diet is usually defined as less than 50 mg. oxalate per day.
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