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108. ГБЦД долго сохраняется в окружающей среде и имеет высокий потенциал для бионакопления и биоусиления в трофических цепях. Как представляется, α-ГБЦД наиболее стойкий из изомеров ГБЦД и имеет большую способность к биоусилению, чем β-ГБЦД и γ-ГБЦД. ГБЦД имеет широкое распространение в глобальной окружающей среде и биоте; повышенные уровни находят в теле крупных хищников и других находящихся под угрозой исчезновения видов в Арктике. Выбросы ГБЦД в окружающую среду увеличиваются во всех исследуемых регионах. Все увеличивающееся число построенных зданий и сооружений является потенциальным источником долгосрочных выбросов ГБЦД в окружающую среду, а также способно высвободить еще больше ГБЦД в будущем, когда их будут сносить или ремонтировать. Немалый ущерб может наносить утилизация строительных материалов и электронных приборов, и, вероятно, в будущем такой ущерб возрастет. Похоже, общей тенденцией является преобладание α-ГБЦД на высших трофических уровнях, в то время как основной изомер на нижних уровнях, судя по всему, - это γ-ГБЦД. У населения в целом в тканях человека, как представляется, преобладает α-ГБЦД. Большинство токсикологических исследований, посвященных ГБЦД, главное внимание уделяют смесям ГБЦД, а количество имеющихся данных о токсичности стереоизомеров крайне ограничено.

109. ГБЦД считается очень ядовитым для водных организмов. Существует риск неблагоприятных последствий для морских млекопитающих и рыб в непосредственной близости от точечных источников, а также в регионах с повышенным фоновым уровнем. Измеренные уровни концентрации в биоте превышают ПКНВ для вторичных последствий 5 мг/кг св, установленную в оценке риска ГБЦД, произведенной ЕС (European Commission 2008). Был сделан вывод, что уровни концентрации в птицах европейских регионов с повышенным фоновым уровнем или вблизи местных точечных источников находятся вблизи пороговых уровней вредного воздействия. У птиц, по предварительным данным последних исследований, происходят такие изменения, как утончение яичной скорлупы и уменьшение, роста и выживаемости. Новые предварительные данные о воздействии ГБЦД на американскую пустельгу дают дальнейшие основания для беспокойства, так как свидетельствуют о риске для репродуктивной системы и развития также диких птиц в отдаленных районах.

110. Как в ранее, так и недавно опубликованных источниках сообщается, что ГБЦД может вызывать изменения у млекопитающих и что и хроническое и подострое воздействие и воздействие высоких и низких доз ГБЦД могут иметь широкие и потенциально опасные последствия, особенно для нейроэндокринной системы и потомства на ранних стадиях развития. ГБЦД способен нарушать гипоталамо-гипофизарно-тиреоидную систему, репродуктивную функцию и ход развития потомства. Многие нарушения передаются следующим поколениям и сказываются как на родителях, так и на потомстве. ГБЦД передается от матери потомству и у людей и у диких животных. Сообщается о высоких уровнях ГБЦД в человеческом молоке и воздействии через продукты питания вблизи местных источников. В организме человека основной риск воздействия ГБЦД заключается в возможности нейроэндокринных нарушений и задержки развития вследствие воздействия ГБЦД на ранней стадии развития ребенка. В рамках ЕС обсуждается предложение классифицировать ГБЦД как токсичное вещество, действующее на репродуктивную систему и развитие.

111. Помимо результатов полевых исследований на животных, есть большое количество проведенных недавно лабораторных исследований, показывающих, как после поглощения ГБЦД может воздействовать на биологические процессы, такие, как гомеостаз клеток, ремонт белка, обмен веществ, внутриклеточная сигнализация и нейроэндокринные процессы, и, возможно, нарушать их. Такие исследования способствуют пониманию того, что ГБЦД вызывает различные последствия для здоровья человека и окружающей среды, что также следует приниматься во внимание при рассмотрении вопроса о токсичности ГБЦД.

Таблица 5. Характеристики ГБЦД как СОЗ

Заключение

112. ГБЦД представляет собой не имеющее известных естественных источников синтетическое вещество, которое по-прежнему используется во многих странах, в том числе в импортных изделиях и продуктах. Выбросы ГБЦД в окружающую среду увеличиваются во всех исследуемых регионах, т.е. в Европе и Азии (Япония). ГБЦД отличается стойкостью в окружающей среде и бионакапливается и биоусиливается в рыбах, птицах и млекопитающих. Зафиксированные уровни концентрации в биоте, в том числе у видов, находящихся в верхней части пищевой цепи, таких как птицы и млекопитающие, в регионах-источниках и удаленных регионах представляют существенный повод для озабоченности в отношении здоровья человека и окружающей среды. Поэтому можно сделать вывод о том, что в результате переноса на большие расстояния в окружающей среде ГБЦД, вероятно, вызывает такие серьезные неблагоприятные последствия для здоровья человека и/или окружающей среды, что это дает основания для действий на глобальном уровне.

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