Model: soil plays – soils play

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2. Use the verbs to be or to have in the proper form of Present Simple:

1. Each mineral (to be) is a chemical compound with specific chemical and physical properties.

2. The weathering of a rock (to be) is due to a combination of physical and chemical actions.

3. Soil (to be) is a mixture of organic and inorganic material.

4. Soil may (to have) hasvarious characteristics according to the nature of the parent material.

5. The weathered products of rock (to be) arenot enough to form a soil.

3. Use the proper form of the construction “there + to be” in Present Simple:

1 There are several factors necessary for soil formation.

2. There are changing temperatures, moisture and other factors which take part in the process of decomposition of igneous rocks.

3. There is one important factor – fertility of soil – which differentiates it from rock.

4. There is a distinction between a fertile and a rich soil.

5. There are a lot of measures which may turn poor soils into fertile.

4. Use the verbs in brackets in the proper form of Present Simple:

1. Our task (to be) is to make good use of soil.

2. People must (to have) havea thorough knowledge of the processes governing the formation of soil.

3. Any step we take towards amelioration (to bring) bring about deep changes in the soil.

4. Plants and microorganisms (to play) play a decisive role in the process of soil formation.

5. Fertility (to develop) develop in the process of soil formation.

5. Transform the verbs into Past Simple:

1. As a result of man’s labour, the soil wasacquireed an exceptional capacity for displaying effective fertility.

2. Over a long time, the soil becames richer and its fertility increases.

3. To raise the fertility up to the required level was possible only through the adoption of a combination of

measures.

4. The natural fertility of soils waschanged.

5. In the chornozem zone we werefound the most favourable combination of factors and conditions for soil

formation.

6. Ask questions to the following sentences:

1. All the factors necessary for plant life are of equal significance. (What factors are necessary for plant life?)

2. Relatively rich soils, like swamped or dry, possessed little or no fertility. (What soils are relativety rich?)

3. Potential fertility developed together with the soil. (What potential developed together with the soil? )

4. The soil always holds in itself resources to increase fertility. (What resourses soil holds in itself?)

5. Raising of soil fertility constitutes the most important problem of soil science. (What the most important problem of soil science?)

7. Correct the mistakes in the following sentences:

1. Agronomy be (is) a branch of agriculture.

2. This branch of agriculture treat of (on) the principles and practice of crop production and field

management.

3. Our farms is (are) able to obtain high yields of crops and animal produce.

4. Agronomists should working (work) in close contact with science.

5. Parks are called the lungs of the town as they refreshed (refresh) the air.

TEST-2

Choose the proper definition for each term:

1. soil b a) a living organism growing on land, that cannot move

2. vegetation d b) the highest layer of the Earth, the supporter of vegetable life and other primitive living

organisms. Used by people for cultivating and growing food crops

3. weathering e c) materials related to or produced by living organisms

4. plant a d) plant life or cover of an area

5. organic matter c e) the action of the weather which changes the colour, texture, composition or form

of an object

Complete the sentences with the necessary words:

6. Soils develop under the influence of climate, vegetation, time and other factors.

a) the fertility

b) the influence

c) the production

7. The type of soil influences the animals which are living on it.

a) type

b) moisture

c) texture

8. weathering influences the rock which then becomes a part of soil.

a) growing

b) animals

c) weathering

9. People are adapting seasons to the soil.

a) seasons

b) crops

c) erosion

10.All soils cannot have the same characteristics.

a) must

b) can

c) cannot

11.Yields depend on the ability of the soil to use parent material

and water.

a) fertilizers

b) parent material

c) vegetation

12. Fertilizers help plants grow and develop.

a) vary

b) change

c) grow

13. From season to season conditions of temperature and moisture change.

a) drainage

b) moisture

c) generation

14. Farmers should adapt their management of soil to the varying natural conditions.

a) management

b) raw materials

c) supply

15. Farmers can do much to regulate the supply of water and climatic conditions.

a) climatic conditions

b) organic matter

c) animal feed

16. Agriculture provides people with different kinds of food.

a) provide

b) provides

c) providing

17. Agriculture is an important sector of economy.

a) be

b) being

c) is

18. The aim of agriculture are to produce much food.

a) is

b) are

c) to be

19. When the crop does not grow well, it means that the conditions are bad for its growth.

a) has not

b) does not

c) is not

20. The type of soil also affect herbicide selection.

a) affect

b) affects

c) affecting

21. there are over 1,500 million hectares of farm land in the world.

a) there are

b) are there

c) are

22. does increasing the area under irrigation a general tendency in world farming?

a) does

b) has

c) is

23. At the beginning of the 20th century 8,000,000 hectares werewatered.

a) be

b) have

c) were

24. Do large areas in the non-black-earth zone need drainage and regulation of the water and air regimes?

a) are

b) have

c) do

25. Is a great number of livestock on the farms, and the use of fertilizers favour the growing of high yields of crops?

a) be

b) is

c) do

UNIT 3

I. READING EXERCISES

TASK 1. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the following international words:

variety, variations, correct, effective, protection, systematic, rotation, method, conservation, diversification, operation, result, technological state, progress, design, diesel, idea, experimental, combining, aeration.

TASK 2. Study the new words:

- quality – якість

- suitable – відповідний

- pasture – пасовище

- property – властивість

- to determine – визначати

- ability – здатність

- profitably – прибутково

- to require – потребувати

- damage – ушкодження

- to deteriorate – виснажуватися

- to restore – відновлювати

- to improve – покращувати

- virgin soils – цілинні землі

- to upset – порушувати

- to decrease – зменшувати, знижувати

- treatment – обробка

- aim – мета

- to maintain – підтримувати

- plowing – оранка

- failure – невміння

- lack – нестача

- loss – втрата

- depletion – виснаження

- deficiency – дефіцит

- tillage – обробка землі

- advanced – передовий

- tool – інструмент

- stick – палиця

- plow – плуг

- device – пристрій

- moldboard plow – відвальний плуг

- to eliminate – знищувати

- thick layer – товстий шар

- to gain popularity – набувати популярності

- to harrow – боронувати

- sod – дернина

- row crops – просапні культури

- inch – дюйм

TASK 3. Compare the words, define their word-building means and translate:

balance-balanced

variety-variation-various-varying

diversification-diversify-diverse-diversity

produce-product-productivity-productive

definite-indefinite-indefinitely

proper-improper-properly

to rotate-rotation

final-finally

to improve-improvement

alternative-alternating

to till-tilled-tillage-tilth

TASK 4. Read Text A and find out what must be done to preserve soil productivity: