Transform the italicised verbs into the forms of Perfect tenses. Add corresponding adverbials if

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necessary:

1. Swedes and mangle were also important feed crops. (in the last century)

2. Many of grasses serve the purpose of returning nutritive elements to the ground. (by now)

3. The potato plant is one of the most important field crops. (always)

4. Wheat-growing was extensively practiced throughout Europe. (in prehistoric times)

5. Spring wheat matures much later than winter wheat.

5. Use the necessary Perfect tense form according to the adverbial of time:

1. At the dawn of history great necessity (cause) primitive man to grow plants.

2. Plant culture (begin) a great many years ago.

3. By now a lot of farms in tropical and subtropical areas (cultivate) wheat.

4. All ploughing (finish) by the end of April.

5. Nowadays the cultivation of potato (spread) all over the world.

6. Ask questions about the following sentences:

1. Field experiments have shown that crop yields at minimum tillage are the same and sometimes higher than those obtained by conventional methods.

2. It has become possible to compare the productivity of triticale with that of wheat.

3. Compaction of the soil has resulted in the reduction in yields.

4. The rotation of crops has become very common in many parts of the United States.

5. In recent years continuous cropping, especially of corn, has become a rather common practice on many Ohio farms.

7. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Pay attention to the verbs in the Perfect tenses:

1. The climate has changed of late, so the farmer must change his management.

2. Scientists have tested the soil to identify the proper kind and the correct proportion of fertilizer needed.

3. The irrigation system had brought a possibility to grow rice in the Crimea.

4. Modern meliorative systems will have used these large water reservoirs for irrigating vast areas of land.

5. Scientists have recently developed an experimental system to test wheat seeding depth.

TEST-4

Choose the proper definition for each term:

1. mature a) to prepare for the raising of crops

2. cultivate b) plants that provide raw materials for further processing

3. nutrient c) plants that supply provender to cattle

4. feed crops d) fully grown and developed; ripe

5. industrial crops e) a matter added to the soil for increasing its productivity

Complete the sentences with the necessary words:

1. … means every useful plant cultivated for the benefit of mankind.

a) oil-cake

b) provender

c) crop

7. Crops can be subdivided into … groups.

a) three

b) four

c) two

8. Cereals, or grain crops, belong to the … .

a) food crops

b) feed crops

c) industrial crops

9. The most important grain crop in Europe is … .

a) rye

b) wheat

c) rice

10. What crop belongs both to food and feed crops?

a) tea

b) oats

c) cocoa

11. The main purpose of … crops is to supply provender to cattle.

a) feed

b) industrial

c) nutritive

12. The most important industrial crop for the textile industry is … .

a) flax

b) cotton

c) hemp

13. Oil-cake for cattle is made of … seeds.

a) cotton

b) potato

c) sunflower

14. The cultivation of … has spread throughout the world because it can grow almost in every soil.

a) rice

b) grapes

c) potato

15. People are still as dependent upon … as primitive man was many thousand years ago.

a) plants

b) manuring

c) herbicides

16. Man … much progress thanks to growing crops.

a) have achieved

b) has achieved

c) has

17. Wheat-growing … spread to all temperate countries in prehistoric times.

a) having

b) have

c) had

18. The man of today has … his wants to a surprising level.

a) increased

b) increase

c) increasing

19. The progress in selection and genetics, what is called in the West "green revolution", has …

an astonishing level.

a) reach

b) reached

c) be reached

20. Wind and rain… beaten down the tall stands of grain which made harvesting more difficult.

a) have

b) had

c) having

21. “Dwarf” varieties of wheat had been practically … both in Europe and America.

a) forget

b) forgot

c) forgotten

22. … newvarieties adapted well to the conditions of tropical and subtropical areas?

a) do

b) are

c) have

23. …the hybrid wheats become a leading grain crop in this area?

a) have

b) has

c) does

24. … the scientists of new national states contributed much to the further improvement of imported varieties?

a) did

b) have

c) are

25.Wheat production in India … doubled in six years.

a) will

b) will have

c) have

UNIT 5

I. READING EXERCISES

TASK 1. Name Ukrainian equivalents to the next international words:

to transport, to associate, efficient method, spraying machines, selective, uniform, to result, phosphorus, nitrate, chemicals, herbicide, specific, to minimize, to mix, condition, action, biennial, extensive.

TASK 2. Study the new words :

- to cause – спричиняти

- rate- норма

- average- середній

- subject to loss – причина втрати

- excess – надлишок

- short supply – нестача

- emergence – поява сходів рослин

-biennial - дворічний

-perennial – багаторічний

TASK 3. Choose words with the same roots for word-building chains; translate the words:

caused, fertility, less, necessary, fertilization, excess, apply, low, fertilized, least,

applying, cause, fertilize, little, unnecessary, lowest, fertilizer, excessive, application, necessarily, over-fertilized,

applied, causing, lower, necessity.

TASK 4. Read and translate Text A and find out what the main principle of applying fertilizers is: