Transform the italicised verbs into the forms of Continuous tenses. Add corresponding adverbials if

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necessary:

1. Weeds compete with cultivated plants for light, moisture and nutrients. (this summer)

2. When we plough in autumn, we create a condition in which the soil will remain sufficiently open.

3. It rains and the water penetrates deep into the subsoil. (now)

4. The inter-row cultivation of root crops destroys the weeds.

5. Last year it was a barley field, now wheat grows here.

5. Use the necessary Continuous tense form according to the adverbial of time:

1. Next month we (dig) potatoes.

2. Last spring farmers (use) a lot of ploughing machines at the same time.

3. The selectionists (fertilize) their crops within these two weeks.

4. Last year the selective-breeders (grow) new variety of winter wheat on this field.

5. This season we (grow) rice in this humid region.

6. Use the construction to be going to… in the following sentences. Translate the sentences:

1. Science … find and realise new resources and reserves for increasing yields.

2. Farmers … control fertility by meliorative methods.

3. According to the plan they … use old neglected meliorative systems and raise their efficiency.

4. Modern soil science … transform soils and create their new types.

5.In order to grow crops the farmer …cultivate the field.

7. Ask questions about the following sentences:

1. Farmers are restoring their soils.

2. Improper use was resulting in the deterioration of soil structure.

3. Under careful treatment this field is producing good yields.

4. At this farm they are planting crops directly into sod.

5. More and more growers are using this easy method.

TEST-3

Choose the proper definition for each term:

1. tillage 1) cultivating land

2. fertilizer 2) a systematic change of crops

3. harvest 3) useless plant

4. crop rotation 4) material for enriching land

5. weed 5) ripe grain or fruit

Complete the sentences with the necessary words:

6. The better soils are used for … .

a) management

b) organic matter

c) crops

7. When soils are used for crops or pasture their natural balance is … .

a) upset

b) avoided

c) involved

8. … is one of the methods of soil conservation.

a) crop rotation

b) crop production

c) crop yield

9. … needs growing more than one crop on a farm.

a) farming

b) deterioration

c) rotation

10. Loss of organic matter is one of the reasons of … .

a) soil depletion

b) physical nature

c) diversification

11. Time almost doesn’t change … .

a) farming programme

b) soil fertility

c) virgin soils

12. The agricultural … remained unchanged since 19^th century.

a) tools

b) productivity

c) management

13. … method is planting row crops directly into sod.

a) a scientific approach

b) a soil conservation

c) a no-tillage

14. No-tillage cannot be used without effective … .

a) ploughing

b) herbicides

c) weeds

15. The idea of no-till appeared in … .

a) 19^th century

b) 1943

c) 18^th century

16. In India they are … new multipurpose tilling machines.

a) develop

b) developed

c) developing

17. The country is … its food production through intensive land cultivation.

a) increasing

b) increased

c) increase

18. Small farms … producing the larger part of potato.

a) is

b) are

c) being

19. In 20^th century the power tiller industry … overcoming great difficulties.

a) is

b) was

c) will

20. The second half of the last century was the time when farmers … popularising the no-till method on a large

scale.

a) be

b) was

c) were

21. It is supposed that by the end of this century no-till … gaining popularity throughout the world.

a) is

b) will

c) will be

22. … the scientists continuously developing new methods of reclaiming wet soils?

a) do

b) be

c) are

23. … the productivity of farmlands increasing or decreasing during the end of the last century?

a) did

b) will be

c) was

24. The conference on raising soil productivity … this important problem for four days.

a) discuss

b) discussed

c) was discussing

25. We …ploughing for these two weeks because the soil is still too wet.

a) are not using

b) doesn’t use

c) didn’t use

UNIT 4

I. READING EXERCISES

TASK 1. Read the following international words and find their Ukrainian equivalents:

application, group, benefit, principal, extract, practically, oil, cotton, practice, extensively, prehistoric, condition, adequate, correct, location, civilization, satisfied, culture.

TASK 2. Study the new words:

- gruels – рідка (вівсяна) каша

- malting – пивоваріння

- buckwheat – гречка

- millet – просо

- porrige – каша

- grapes – виноград

- to supply – забезпечувати

- provender – фураж

- cattle – худоба

- clover – конюшина

- timothy – тимофіївка

- alfalfa – люцерна

- vetch – віка

- swede – брюква

- mangle – мангрове дерево

- flax – льон

- fine fiber – тонка тканина

- linen – білизна

- hemp – конопля

- rough cloth – груба тканина

- sacking – мішковина

- sowing – посів

- oil-cake – жмих

- tuber crop – бульбова культура

- cereal crop – зернова культура

- seed-bed – грядка

- depth – глибина

- capping – щільна поверхня

- crust – кірка

- drilling – посів

- stiff-strawed – твердий сорт

- dressing – обробка

- to mature – дозрівати

- shelter – притулок

- to cause – спричиняти

- to increase – збільшувати

- timber – деревина

TASK 3. Compare the words, define their word-building means and translate:

- to depend – dependent – depending

- prime – primary – primitive

- to cultivate – cultivation

- important – importance

- to apply – application

- significant – significantly- significance

- to prepare – preparation

- nutrient – nutritive – nutrition

TASK 4. Use the following word-building means to form the new words, translate the words:

-ing: plant, depend, follow, include, make, feed, return, precede, produce, grow

in- : direct, dependent

TASK 5. Read and translate Text A and find out what are the groups of plants: