ВСЕ ЗАУЧИВАТЬ НЕ НАДО, ВЫБИРАЙТЕ САМОЕ ГЛАВНОЕ

§ Henry VIII was a wasteful and cruel monarch in comparison with his father. When Henry VIII became king at the age of 18, he was slim, athletic and handsome. He spoke several languages, liked to dance and was very musical. As an old man, he was a terrifying figure. He was impatient, unpredictable, and suffered from fits of depression. And he was so fat that a special machine had to take him upstairs.

§ Henry’s second wife Anne Boleyn was arrested on charges of being a witch – she had six fingers on her left hand. His fifth wife Katherine Howard was only about 16 when she married Henry. He was 49!

§ By the time Henry VIII died, he had more than 60 houses. More than 1,000 meals were served there every day. Hampton Court has the oldest and largest grape vine in the world, planted in 1768. It’s also famous for its maze. Nearly a third of a million people pass through it every year… or don’t!

§ His obsession was to have a male heir.

§ He had 6 wives (Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn (Elizabeth), Jane Seymour (an heir), Anne of Cleves, Kathryn Howard, Katherine Parr)

§ Reformation (Defender of the Faith, Clement VII, Supreme Head of the Church, Anglican Church) a religious and political movement inspired by a wish to reform the Roman Catholic Church, resulted in the establishment of the Protestant Church

§ Strengthening of the navy with faster ships and better crews; unification of Wales and England in 1536 by the 1^st Act of Union; utopian vision of Thomas More; poetry and music of the Tudor Court.

39. Why did the English people dislike Mary I?

~ was determined to re­turn England back to the Pope, as she was a fanatic Roman Catholic.

~ Parliament had to accept Philip (of Spain) as King of England for Mary's lifetime

~ Her marriage was very unpopular and caused several uprisings.

~ She crushed the rebels and pursued an aggressive policy against protestants: more than 300 people were burned

~ England was no better than a province of Spain

40. What is the Renaissance? When did it begin in Britain? What spheres of life did the Renaissance influence?

Renaissance – is a French word meaning ‘rebirth’, and it is used to describe the period of European history from about 1340 to 1600. The R was the period when the Middle Ages came to an end and the Modern World began. During that time great changes took place in literature, painting, sculpture, architecture and science. Until that time, men’s chief concern was God. The man of the R. saw himself in the centre of all things. They thought less of death and more of life. This made them eager to fond out all they could, opening up completely new possibilities. People became less attached to the Church and more to their own country. This feeling was particularly strong in England and France. England felt the effects of the R. later than much of Europe because of its insular position.

41. Why was the reign of Elizabeth I called 'the Golden Age'? What were the prominent writers, poets, painters, philosophers and scientists of that period?

Sir Thomas More, William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, Francis Bacon, Sir Walter Raleigh.

Indeed she saw a flower of a Renaissance in England. Elizabeth gave her name to the his­torical period, her reign (1558-1603) was the most colourful and splendid in English history. She was the embodi­ment of everything English and the English had found themselves as a nation. During that time great changes took place in literature, painting, sculpture, architecture and science. The artistic and literally movements of the R. was full of love of life and respect for freedom of the human mind. ‘Virgin Queen’

42. Why did Elizabeth support many English seamen that caused trouble to Spanish ships? Who were the most famous seamen of the time?

A group of English, Dutch and Portuguese pirates who have joined against Spain were called the Buccaneers. The West Indies were the centre of the Buccaneers and the island of Tortuga (Venezuele) was their headquarters. These sea men were not only pirates but also adventurous, travelers, trades, explorers. E1 encouraged the sea-dogs as they were called; the Piracy was common around the coast of the Br. Isles in the 16^th century. Although the ships were privately owned, the treasure was shared with the queen. The Spanish ambassadors were constantly asking to put a stop to the piracy, but she claimed they were acting on their own accord. The most famous seamen: Sir John Hawkins (slave trader), Sir Francis Drake (the 1^st Eng. man to sail around the world), Sir Martin Frobisher (tried to discover the N-W passage to China), Sir Walter Raleigh (courtier, introduced smoking), Sir Henry Morgan (lieutenant governor of Jamaica).

43. What was the result of the sea battle between the Armada and the English fleet?

The Spanish Armada (1588) – a Spanish fleet designed to carry an army to invade England, to overthrow Queen Elizabeth I and to return England to Catholicism. English ships attacked Spanish ships as they returned from America loaded with silver and gold. England defeated S.A.; many ships were sunk but most were scattered by the winds and racked on the rock of Scotland and Ireland. Only 86 out 130 survived. The Armada was rather awk­ward against the quick English ships. The Armada was defeated by the English ships and the storm in the English Channel. But that was not the end of the war with Spain. Peace was made only after the death of Elizabeth.

44. What were the reasons for the conflict of the Stuarts with the Parliament?

1. The 1^st Stuart Kings quarreled violently and often with Parliament. The 1^st signs of trouble between crown and P. came in 1601 when the Commons were angry over Elizabeth’s policy, but P. did not demand any changes because it didn’t want to upset the queen whom it feared and respected.
2. The King’s obsession with a union between England and Spain. James was determined to marry his son Charles to the Spanish Princess.
3. The King was even determined to return the country to Catholicism.
4. Like E., James tried to rule without P. as much as possible. He insisted that he alone had the right to make any decisions. James ignored the Magna Carta.
5. J. was successful in ruling while Br. Remained at peace.

 

1. Ch I was quarreling even more bitterly with P. then his father, mainly over money. When MPs refused to vote to give him money to pay for his governmental policies, Ch I, dismissed P. and ruled 11 years on his own.
2. The period of personal government came to an end when the king became involved in a war with Scotland in 1639 and the Irish rebelled in 1641. Ch realised he couldn’t manage without P. anymore.
3. The MPs came to London and were very critical of the king’s 11-years’ rule. They drew a long series of demands for reform and executed the ministers. In his turn Ch tried to arrest 5 MPs. The conflict between the monarchy and P. - the Civil War (1642-1646).

45. How did the Civil War develop and end?

The 2 opposite sides were The Cavaliers (King) and The Roundheads (P.)

The Roundheads (short hair) controlled East Anglia and the S-E including London. This army at 1^st consisted of armed groups of apprentices [ə'prentɪs]. It controlled the most important national and international sources of wealth.

The Cavaliers had no ways of raising money. They were supported by the House of Lords and the few of the Commons. They controlled most of the North and West of the country.

No more than 10% of the population became involved in the war.

At 1^st the King’s army was successful but P’s troops led by Sir Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell eventually won. Ch was put on trial.

46. What social groups supported Oliver Cromwell? What new kind of army did he create?

It was supported by armed groups of apprentices, the navy, merchants, population of London and some noblemen. Oliver Cromwell, a farmer in the past and a great military leader who had organ­ized the New Model Army (the first regular force made up of educated men who wanted to fight for their beliefs).

On December 16th in Westminster Oliver Cromwell publicly accepted the title of Lord Protector of a United Common­wealth of England, Scotland, Ireland and the colonies. - Protectorate [prə'tektərɪt]

He didn't dare to take up the title of King, as there was opposition to that in the Army.

47. What was Charles I accused and found guilty of?

The charges against him were that he was ‘a tyrant, traitor, murderer and public enemy’. Found guilty of ‘making was against his kingdom and the P.’ On the 30^th January in 1649 Charles was executed in public in the center of London outside his own home Whitehall Palace. (2 shirts, the crowd moaned, some people fainted)

48. How did O. Cromwell govern the country?

After the Civil War from 1649-1660 Br was governed as a republic. Oliver Cromwell was a strict Puritan educated at Cambridge and elected to P. for Cambridge city. He proved to be a religious radical, social conservative and pro soldier. Cromwell created a severe government. People were forbidden to celebrate Christmas and Easter or to play games on a Sunday. His efforts to govern the country though the army were extremely unpopular, and the Republic was not a success. When he died, the Protectorate collapsed. The monarchy was restored in 1660 and the period known as Interregnum was over.

49. Why did Scotland agree to the union with England in 1707? What was the new official name of the united state?

Queen Ann (1702-1714) - the last Stuart monarch. The Act of Union (1707) which finally fully united Scotland with England and created Great Britain. Although the Scottish were reluctant to lode freedom, they had to agree Scotland needed to remove limits of trade with England from which it suffered economically. + there was danger that an English army would march into Scotland. From that moment Scotland didn’t have its P. but was represented in the new government of Great Br. Scotland, however, kept its own legal and judicial systems and its own church.

50. What military heroes glorified Great Britain in the Napoleonic Wars?

Admiral Nelson (won several important victories over the French. His most famous battle was the battle of Trafalgar (Southern Spain, 1805)

Arthur Wellington (finally defeated Napoleon at Waterloo (near Brussels 1815)

Thomson

Admiral St. Vincent

51. Why was colonizing foreign lands important? What colonies did Britain have in North America, in the West Indies and India?

G.B. was the greatest colonial power of that time with all its territorial possessions which covered a quarter of the world. It was called The British Empire. Colonizing foreign lands was important territorial, strategic [strə'tiːʤɪk], economic development. Colonies provided a huge domestic market.

1. In North America Britain possessed Virginia, Maryland and New England.

2. In India the British became the masters of Bengal [beŋ'gɔːl] in North-East Province.

3. in the West Indies: the island groups extended across a Caribbean from Florida to Venezuela were Barbados [bɑː'beɪdɔz], Dominica [ˌdɔmɪ'niːkə], Jamaica…

52. What did the British government and the American colonies quarrel over?

In the middle 18 century 13 American colonies objected to the taxations imposed on them by the Britain’s Parliament. The resentment was expressed by the Boston Massacre a confrontation between troops and a crowd in Br. The Boston Tea Party in 1773 - the distraction of imported tea in the harbour of Boston. The Parliament undertook repressions though the opposition of Whigs were against this disastrous policy.

53. When did the American War of Independence begin? What was the result of the war?

In 1775 The American Revolution broke out resulting in the Declaration of 13 American Colonies and independent nation of the USA. George Washington - the 1^st President.

54. What new ideas did the War of Independence bring? What were the revolutionary changes in art in the 18th century?

1. The Union Flag / the Union Jack

2. In 1807 slave trade was abolished

3. The King built a magnificent library and the great collections of pictures

4. A brilliant gallery of writers and poets wrote their works (William Wordsworth, G. Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats)

5. Painting was equal to the achievements to literature

· The writers and artists looked for inspiration to nature to emotions to the spirit of freedom. It was a revolution in the arts which was a part of social, cultural, political changes in the world.

55. What branches of industry were progressing in the Industrial Revolution of the 18th century?

1. A change from domestic production to production in factories under capitalist control, an introduction of water and steam power to drive machines or inventions that transformed several major industries.

2. The textile industry was notable series of inventions which together with the factory of organization and capitalist control insured the rapid growth to become the leader of industrial sector.

3. Mechanical inventions also revolutionized agriculture, mining, shipbuilding, iron and steel industries.

4. New industrial working class appeared. Mechanization lead to the growth of the social inequality, the wealth of the fuel and the misery and poverty of the majority were increasing equally rapidly.

56. What do you know about Chartism?

In 1838 the first petition was drawn up by leaders of first association of work­ers, which was called thePeople's Char­ter. It included six main demands for changes: 1) the vote for all males,2) an equal amount of people should vote in each district, 3)vot­ing by secret ballot ['bælət],4) salary for MPs, 5)men shouldn’t need to be property owners if they wished to stand for Parliament,6) annual Parliaments. All these reforms seemed revolutionary at that time. The Chartist movement was sup­ported by the working people, but it had its ups and downs. The first Charter was rejected by Parliament, the leaders were arrested. Even so the first 4 Charter’s demands became law within the next 70 years.

57. What disasters did Ireland suffer in 1845, 1846 and 1847? What country did many Irish emigrate to?

Queen V’s reign was overshadowed by full crisis in Ireland. For 3 years: 1845, 1846, 1847 the potato crop which was the main food of the poor failed. Ireland suffers the worst disaster in his entire history. In these 3 years 1, 5 million people died from hunger at the same time Ireland had enough weed to feed the population but it was explored to England. V’s government failed to realize the seriousness of the problem. Many Irish people had little choice but to leave. Most settled in the US some settled in the towns and cities of Britain.

58. What were the greatest cultural achievements of the Victorian age?

Gothic Revival architecture became increasingly significant. The middle of the 19th century saw The Great Exhibition of 1851, the first World's Fair, which showcased the greatest innovations of the century. At its centre was the Crystal Palace, a modular glass and iron structure – the first of its kind. The emergence of photography, showcased at the Great Exhibition, resulted in significant changes in Victorian art with Queen Victoria being the first British monarch to be photographed.

59. What moral values are called 'Victorian'?

'Victorian' moral values are those values that still have special meaning in Britain. The Queen had given an example of family life and shared her moral religious values. There are primness, strictness, social formality, hard work, life within your income, a traditional morality based on the family, sex within marriage, patriotism.

60. When did the Windsor family come to power? What important events of the 20th century did they witness?

n Britain lost its economic advantages

n British people invested money abroad

n British workers produced less

n Britain was behind other countries in science and technology

n Britain no longer ruled the sea

n Britain was frightened of Germany’s modern navy

n World War I (the Great War) 1914 – 1918 (Germany and Austria-Hungary made a military alliance
Russia, France and Britain made one too) 750 000 killed, 2 000 000 wounded

n The Depression (1930 – 1933 a serious post-war economic crisis)

n World War II (1939 – 1945 Adolf Hitler, Winston Churchill: ‘blood, toil, tears and sweat’) 300 000 killed 60 000 civilians killed

 

 

ВСЕ ЗАУЧИВАТЬ НЕ НАДО, ВЫБИРАЙТЕ САМОЕ ГЛАВНОЕ.