Cadastral surveys
1) What do cadastral surveys document? 2) What did napoleon establish? 3) What is a base element in hand information systems? Cadastral surveys document the boundaries of land ownership, by the production of documents, diagrams, sketches, plans (plats in USA), charts, and maps. They were originally used to ensure reliable facts for land valuation and taxation. An example from early England is the Domesday Book. Napoleon established a comprehensive cadastral system for France that is regarded as the forerunner of most modern versions. The Public Lands Survey System is a cadastral survey of what is now the western United States begun in 1785 after international recognition of the United States. The Dominion Land Survey is a similar cadastral survey conducted in Western Canada begun in 1871 after the creation of the Dominion of Canada in 1867. Both cadastral surveys are made relative to principal meridian and baselines. These cadastral surveys divided the surveyed areas into townships, regions of land approximately six miles square (certain early surveys in Ohio created five mile square townships), and inside townships into sections, each approximately one mile square. Unlike in Europe this cadastral survey largely preceded settlement and as a result greatly influenced settlement patterns. Most cities and towns feature straight streets and avenues aligned with survey boundaries of townships and sections and spaced at regular intervals corresponding to surveying units such as furlongs. Properties are generally rectangular and often have dimensions measured in fractions or multiples of chains. Land descriptions in Western North America are principally based on these land surveys. Cadastral survey information is often a base element in Geographic/Land Information systems used to assess and manage land and built infrastructure. Such systems are also employed on a variety of other tasks, for example, to track long-term changes over time for geological or ecological studies, where land tenure is a significant part of the scenario. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст на русский язык. Ответьте на вопросы. Текст 12 Civil and Environmental Engineering 1) What is our climate affected by? 2) What affects energy production? 3) What requires the development of well-informed environmental policies? Our climate and the air pollution we breath and see are intimately affected by and affect energy production and use through a complex set of processes. By analyzing those processes, we can obtain a deeper understanding of the atmosphere and design cleaner and more efficient energy systems, improving our health and environment and providing energy security for all. Architecture, engineering and construction affect all people and impact the economic performance of nations, but buildings and infrastructure must also be environmentally and socially sustainable. We seek to enable this goal by developing knowledge, tools and materials that enhance "triple bottom line" sustainability at all stages of a project's life. Across coastal zones, rivers, lakes, estuaries, groundwater, soil water, and even the atmosphere, ensuring a sustainable water environment for people and natural ecosystems requires the development of well-informed environmental policies and well-designed systems. To achieve this goal we employ a thoroughly multidisciplinary approach. Контрольные задания I. Прочитайте предложения. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect или Past Simple. Письменно переведите предложения. II. Прочитайте предложения. Выберите правильный модальный глагол. Письменно переведите предложения. III. Прочитайте предложения. Вставьте much, many, little, few, a little или a few. Письменно переведите предложения. IV. Прочитайте предложения. Замените прямую речь косвенной. Письменно переведите предложения. V. Прочитайте предложения. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол в соответствующей форме. Письменно переведите предложения.
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