| Present
| Past
| Future
|
| Can
am
is able to...
are
| Could
was
able to...
were
| -
will be able to...
|
| Возможность:
могу, умею
возможно
Разрешение:
можно
Запрещение:
нельзя
| - I can run very fast.
- He can speak French. Can he do sums?
- You can get there by bus.
- You can come at any time.
- Can I have a cup of coffee?
- You can’t cross the street here.
|
Когда эквивалент модального глагола (can) дублирует уже имеющиеся формы (I can = I am able; He could = He was able), он имеет собственный оттенок значения am / is / are / able to - быть в состоянии, быть способным, were / were able to - смог, сумел, удалось (= manage).
Must
have to
be to
| PRESENT
| PAST
| FUTURE
|
| Must
have / has to...
am / is / are to...
| -
had to...
was / were to...
| -
will have to...
|
| Долг, обязательство
Приказ, настоятельный совет:
должен
Запрещение:
нельзя, запрещено
| - We must study hard.
- I must buy some bread.
- You must go there at once.
- You must see the doctor immediately.
- You mustn’t smoke here.
|
Оттенки значения эквивалентов глагола must:
1. have to - вынужден, придется (в связи с обстоятельствами).
Ann’s eyes are not very good. She has to wear glasses for reading.
Jane was feeling ill last night so she had to leave the party early.
be to - долженствование, связанное с планом, договоренностью.
He is to meet us at the station at 5.
This is Dora. She is to share your room.
2. Для образования вопросительной и отрицательной формы эквивалента have to используются вспомогательные глаголы do / does / did.
Why did you have to go to hospital?
Do you have to get up early on weekends?
Tom doesn’t have to work on Sundays.
3. Mustn’t и don’t have to имеют разные значения:
не должен (просьба, приказ)
You mustn’t tell anyone what I said.
не нужно (отсутствие необходимости)
She stayed in bed this morning because she didn’t haveto go to work.
May
be allowed to
| PRESENT
| PAST
| FUTURE
|
| May
amallowed to...
is allowed to...
are allowed to...
| Might
was allowed to...
were allowed to...
| -
will be allowed to...
|
| Разрешение: *
можно, разрешается
Строгое запрещение:
не смей
Возможность:
(воз)можно
| - May I come in? Yes, you can (may).
No, you can’t (may not).
- You may not leave the room until I say so.
- You may often see such faces in the South of Russia.
|
* В современном разговорном языке в этих случаях чаще используется глагол can (may - более официальная форма).
Спросить разрешения сделать что-либо можно следующим образом:
- Can / Could / May / Might I borrow your umbrella?
Краткий отрицательный ответ на такой вопрос может быть выражен следующим образом:
No, don’t - просьба не делать этого.
No, you may not - запрещение.
|
| No, you must not
No, you can not
| запрещение исходит не от вас, это запрещено правилами, законами и т.п.
|
Эквивалент модального глагола may (be allowed / permitted to...) используется, когда необходимо подчеркнуть, что разрешение/запрещение исходит от кого-либо:
- You are (not) allowed / permitted to wait here.
Should
Имеет лишь одну форму и выражает моральный долг, обязательство, совет, рекомендацию, порицание: должен, следует, нужно, нужно было бы, следовало бы.
| Утвердительное предложение
| Вопросительное предложение
| Отрицательное предложение
|
| I should stay here.
He should stay here.
We should stay here.
| Should I stay here?
Should we stay here?
Should he stay here?
| I shouldn’t stay here.
He shouldn’t stay here.
We shouldn’t stay here.
|
Should может употребляться:
| С простым инфинитивом, если речь идет о настоящем или будущем времени (о действии вообще).
| С перфектным инфинитивом, если относится к прошедшему времени и имеет оттенок сожаления, упрека.
|
- You should stop smoking.
- Tom shouldn’t drive so fast.
- Do you think, I should apply for the job?
| · The party last night was great. You should have come. Why didn’t you?
· It was his birthday yesterday. I should have sent him a birthday card (but I didn’t).
|
Need
Глагол need употребляется только в форме настоящего времени в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях.
- Need he come here? Ему нужно приходить сюда?
- You needn’t come so early. Вам не нужно приходить так рано.
| Необходимость совершения действия: нужно; есть ли необходимость.
Отсутствие необходимости: не надо; нет необходимости.
Разрешение не делать что-либо: можно не....
| - Need I do it today?
- Need I go there at once?
- He needn’t hurry.
- You needn’t change your suit.
- You needn’t copy your essay.
- You needn’t go there today.
|
Ответы на вопросы с глаголами need и must оформляются следующим образом:
| Need I go there at once?
| Yes, you must.
Да, обязательно.
|
|
| No, you needn’t.
Нет, не нужно.
|
| Must I go there at once?
| Yes, you must.
Да, должны
|
|
| No, you needn’t.
Нет, не нужно.
|
2. Многофункциональность глаголов to be, to have
to be
| 1. Самостоятельный глагол со значением быть, находиться.
|
| The book is on the table.
|
| 2. Глагол-связка.
|
| He is an engineer.
|
| 3. Вспомогательный глагол, употребляющийся для образования:
а) Continuous Tenses;
б) Passive Voice.
|
| We are translating the text now.
I am asked to do this work.
|
| 4. Перед инфинитивом имеет функцию модального глагола со значением долженствования.
|
| They are to do this work today.
|
| 5. Глагол-связка (перед инфинитивом) со значением состоит в том, чтобы; заключается в том, чтобы; после существительных таких, как task. aim, plan, object.
|
| Our task is to learn the English language.
|
to have
| 1. Самостоятельный глагол со значением иметь, обладать.
|
| We have many laboratories at our University.
|
| 2. Вспомогательный глагол для образования Perfect Tenses.
|
| He has already translated the text.
|
| 3. Перед инфинитивом - модальный глагол со значением долженствования.
|
| We have to do these exercises.
|
E X E R C I S E S
I. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the predicate:
a) with a modal verb.
1. We must use new methods in our research work. 2. You may use this device in your laboratory. 3. This job cannot be done in time. 4. They ought to help their colleagues to solve this important problem. 5. He could not complete his research in time as he worked very slowly. 6. You should turn off the light before you leave the room.
b) with an equivalent of the modal verb.
1. The students were unable to do the work without their teacher’s help. He had to help them. 2. You needn’t take these documents with you. 3. You were to consult the dictionary. 4. He had to work much before he was able to complete his research. 5. You will have to show your research work to your scientific adviser. 6. Nobody was able to understand this mysterious phenomenon. 7. As the student was late he was not allowed to enter the classroom.
II. Substitute the equivalents for modal verbs. Translate the sentences.
1. Electronic machines can add, subtract, multiply and divide much quicker than man. 2. The conference on economic problems in Russia must take place next month. 3. You may use these new devices for your research. 4. With the help of this new design the scientist could develop new methods of solving the problem. 5. The student may not leave the lab if his experiment is not over. 6. Most people must work in order to earn their living.
III. Put a predicate of the following sentences in Past and Future Simple, change the adverbial modifier of time where it is necessary. Translate the sentences.
1. We must study the fundamentals of economics. 2. These students may work at the computer class from 9 to 12 today. 3. She can use different methods in her research work. 4. The students must explain how the economic system works. 5. Economists must study our everyday life.
IV. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the functions of the verbs to be, to have.
1. Studying economics is of great importance for future specialists. 2. Every student is to study economics for some years. 3. The quality of these goods is very high. 4. You will have to do it in time. 5. He was to come there yesterday. 6. The students are not at the auditorium. They are to be at the conference. 7. He had much work to do. He had to work hard to complete it in time. 8. Scientists have developed new methods to solve this problem. They will have to make some reports on it. 9. You want to have a new house. You will have to work hard.
V. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the different ways of expressing obligation.
1. We must explain the work of this system. 2. One should study hard to be a good specialist. 3. This problem is very complex. You have to think it over properly. 4. We ought to say that this phenomenon is worth investigating. 5. We should be prepared for scientific study of management in industry. 6. Laws must serve people. 7. The lecture is to begin at 6 o’clock. We ought to come in time. 8. You were to come to my place yesterday. Why didn’t you do that? 9. He will have to improve his knowledge of English.
VI. Make the sentences a) interrogative; b) negative.
1. Students have to know some facts of the economy in which we live. 2. He had to sit up late with this work. 3. You will have to get up very early tomorrow. 4. He had to come to the office at 5 sharp. 5. She will have to do it once over again. 6. These documents have to be filled in. 7. They had to cover the whole distance on foot. 8. We shall have to speak to him about his participation in the conference.
VII. Translate the sentences.
1. Вы не должны прекращать работу, пока не закончите её. 2. Так как он приготовил всё заранее, ему не нужно делать это теперь. 3. Все слова в тексте были настолько хорошо знакомы, что мне даже незачем было пользоваться словарем. 4. Вам нужно было быть здесь не раньше пяти. 5. Не может быть, чтобы он опоздал. 6. Он не мог прочитать эту книгу так быстро; она трудна для него. 7. Вам следует теперь прочитать специальную литературу по экономике. 8. Вы можете не приносить эту статью сегодня; всё равно её будут печатать только завтра. 9. Возможно, он опоздает. 10. Могу ли я взять твой словарь? 11. Разве я мог подумать, что не попаду на лекцию по экономике Великобритании? 12. Вы, должно быть, все читали эту статью? 13. Мне не пришлось сегодня подготовиться к докладу. Библиотека закрыта. 14. Он, очевидно, не уловил вашей мысли. Вам следовало бы подробно объяснить свою точку зрения.
РАБОТА С ТЕКСТОМ
