Студопедия — South Africa
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South Africa






 

 The official name of South Africa is the Republic of South Africa.

 South Africa is located at the southern end of Africa.

 In 2011 the population of South Africa was around 52 million.

 South Africa has three capital cities, Cape Town, Bloemfontein and Pretoria.

 The largest city in South Africa is Johannesburg. Other major cities include Soweto and Durban.

 South Africa has 11 official languages, including Zulu, Afrikaans, Xhosa and English.

 South Africa has the largest economy of any African country.

 South Africa has had an unsettled history, with apartheid policies made by the National Party enforcing a system of segregation from 1948 until 1994. Nelson Mandela was elected president in 1994 after South Africa’s first universal elections.

 South Africa's coastline stretches over 2500 kilometres (1553 miles) in length.

 South Africa is home to a wide variety of animals including giraffes, hippopotamus, leopards and lions.

 Conservation is an important issue in South Africa. It has lost many natural habitats due to deforestation and overpopulation.

 South Africa is a member of the United Nations.

 South Africa has high unemployment.

 The first human heart transplant was performed in a Cape Town hospital in 1967.

 Cave paintings have been found in South Africa that date to around 75000 years ago.

 Drivers use the left-hand side of the road in South Africa.

 The most popular sports in South Africa are football (soccer), rugby and cricket.

 In 2010 South Africa hosted the FIFA World Cup.


Vocabulary:
to be situated — находиться, располагаться
to border on/upon — граничить
to seize — завладевать, захватывать
the Cape of Good Hope — мыс Доброй Надежды
settler —: поселенец
to trek — переселяться
to spur — зд. способствовать
to intensify — усиливать(ся)
subjugation — подчинение» покорение
inhabitant — житель, обитатель
encroachment — агрессия, вторжение
to defeat — агрессия, вторжение
apartheid — апартеид, расовая изоляция
majority — большинство
semiarid — полузасушливый
chromium — хром
coal — уголь
iron ore — железная руда
tin — олово
gem diamonds — ювелирный алмаз
copper — медь
legislative — законодательный
judicial — судебный
division — деление, разделение
numerous — многочисленный
chief head — глава

 

I am going to tell you about South Africa, one of the English speaking countries.

Southerly Africa, officially Republic of South Africa, is situated at the southern tip of the continent of Africa. South Africa borders on Namibia to the north-west, Botswana and Zimbabwe to the north, and Mozambique and Swaziland to the north-east and east. Lesotho, an independent constitutional monarchy is located inside the Republic of South Africa.

After the British seized the Cape of Good Hope area in 1806, many of the Dutch settlers trekked north. The discovery of diamonds in 1867 and gold in 1886 spurred wealth and immigration and intensified the subjugation of the native inhabitants. The Boers resisted British encroachments, but were defeated in the Boer War (1899-1902). As a result, Union of South Africa operated under a policy of apartheid — the separate development of the races. The 1990s brought an end to apartheid politically and ushered in black majority rule.

Total territory of South Africa is 1,220,000 square kilometres. The climate is mostly semiarid, subtropical along east coast; it has sunny days, cool nights. The natural resources of South Africa are gold, chromium, coal, iron ore, nickel, phosphates, tin, uranium, gem diamonds, platinum, copper, vanadium, salt, natural gas.

The population of the country is about 44 million people.

As to the ethnic groups there are 76 % black people, 14 % white people. There are eleven official languages, including Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Pedi, Sotho, Swazi, etc.

Government type is republic. The capital is Pretoria. Cape Town is the legislative centre and Bloemfontein the judicial centre. Administrative divisions are nine provinces.

South Africa became self-governing on May, 31, 1910. Before that, it was one of the numerous English colonies.

Legal system is based on the Roman-Dutch law and the English common law. The chief of state is President and Executive Deputy President. The president is both the chief of state and head of government.

 

Южная Африка (перевод)

Я собираюсь рассказать вам о Южной Африке, одной из англоязычных стран.

Южная Африка, официально Южно-Африканская Республика, расположена на южной оконечности континента Африка. Южная Африка граничит с Намибией на северо-западе, с Ботсваной и Зимбабве на севере и Мозамбиком и Свазилендом на северо-востоке и востоке. Лесото, независимая конституционная монархия, расположена внутри Южно-Африканской Республики.

После того как британцы захватили область мыса Доброй Надежды в 1806 году, многие из голландских поселенцев переселились на север. Открытие алмазов в 1867 году и золота в 1886 способствовало обогащению, иммиграции и усилению порабощения коренных жителей. Буры сопротивлялись британскому вторжению, но были побеждены в бурской войне (1899-1902). В результате, союз Южной Африки использовал политику апартеида — отдельное развитие рас. 1990-е годы положили конец политике апартеида и привели к правлению черного большинства.

Общая территория Южной Африки составляет 1220 000 кв. км. Климат главным образом полузасушливый, субтропический на восточном побережье. Днем солнечно, а ночью прохладно. Природные ресурсы Южной Африки представлены золотом, хромом, углем, железной рудой, никелем, фосфатами, оловом, ураном, ювелирными алмазами, платиной, медью, ванадием, солью, природным газом.

Население страны составляет приблизительно 44 миллиона человек.

Что касается этнических групп, то здесь присутствует 76 % чернокожих, 14 % белых. Имеются одиннадцать официальных языков, включая африкаанс, английский язык, ндебеле, педи, сото, свази и т, д.

Правительственным типом является республика. Столица — Претория. Кейптаун — законодательный центр и Блоэмфонтейн — судебный центр. Административное деление — 9 областей.

Южная Африка получила самоуправление 31 мая 1910 года. Перед этим она была одной из многочисленных английских колоний.

Юридическая система основана на римско-голландском и английском общем праве. Глава государства — президент и исполнительный представитель президента. Президент является как главой государства, так и главой правительства.

 

Questions:

1. Where is South Africa situated?
2. What countries does South Africa border on?
3. Why was the subjugation of the native inhabitants in tensified in 1867-1886?
4. What is apartheid?
5. When was apartheid brought to the end?
6. What is the climate of South Africa?
7. Are there any natural resources in South Africa?
8. How many people inhabit the country?
9. How many official languages are there in South Africa?
10. What can you tell about the government system of the country?

 

India.

 India is officially known as the Republic of India.

 India has the second largest population in the world, with over 1.2 billion people (1,205,073,612 as of July 2012).

 India is the seventh largest country by total area.

 India belongs to the continent of Asia, it is bordered by the countries of Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, China, Nepal, and Pakistan.

 The highest mountain in India is Kanchenjunga, standing at 8,598m (28,209 ft), which it shares with Nepal. Kanchenjunga is the third highest mountain in the world.

 Many different languages are spoken in India. The main ones are Hindi, Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, and Urdu.

 The capital city is New Delhi, while the most populated city is Mumbai. Other major cities include Kolkata, Chennai and Bangalore.

 Because of India's location, it experiences periods of heavy rain called Monsoon.

 The Taj Mahal (a famous mausoleum and popular tourist attraction) is located in the region of Agra.

 India became an independent nation in 1947 after ending British rule that began in 1858.

 Mahatma Gandhi is famous for the important part he played in gaining India's independence.

 Once British rule was over, India was split into the Republic of India and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Later, an area between India and Pakistan became the People's Republic of Bangladesh.

 The national symbol of India is the endangered Bengal Tiger.

 The most popular sport in India is cricket, with the Indian team being the first to win the Cricket World Cup on home soil when they were victorious in 2011.

 India hosted the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi, but has never hosted the Olympic Games.

India is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people.

The geography of India is one of huge contrasts.

It's the seventh largest country in the world and sits on the Indo-Australian tectonic plate, between the tropics of Cancer and North of the Equator.

In the North it borders China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan and Pakistan along 9445 miles of land frontier.

India has one of the most diverse, mixed and complicated populations in the world claiming almost 2000 social and religious groups, 18 registered national and regional languages and at an approximate guess, a population set to overtake China within three generations at nearly 1 Billion 350 Million inhabitants and growing fast!

India's territories stretch all the way over to the Andaman Islands about 780 miles away in the Bay of Bengal and to the West, the Lakshadweep Islands lay nearly 200 miles of the coast of Kerala in Arabian sea.

The economy of India is the twelfth largest economy in the world by nominal value and the fourth largest by purchasing power parity (PPP).

India's large service industry accounts for 54% of the country's GDP while the industrial and agricultural sector contribute 29% and 17% respectively.

Agriculture is the predominant occupation in India, accounting for about 60% of employment. The service sector makes up a further 28%, and industrial sector around 12%. The labor force totals half a billion workers. Major agricultural products include rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, potatoes, cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats, poultry and fish.

Major industries include telecommunications, textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, information technology enabled services and software.

Indian culture is rich and diverse and as a result unique in its very own way. Our manners, way of communicating with one another, etc are one of the important components of our culture. Even though we have accepted modern means of living, improved our lifestyle, our values and beliefs still remain unchanged. A person can change his way of clothing, way of eating and living but the rich values in a person always remains unchanged because they are deeply rooted within our hearts, mind, body and soul which we receive from our culture.

Indian culture treats guests as god and serves them and takes care of them as if they are a part and parcel of the family itself. Even though we don’t have anything to eat, the guests are never left hungry and are always looked after by the members of the family.

Elders and the respect for elders is a major component in Indian culture. Elders are the driving force for any family and hence the love and respect for elders comes from within and is not artificial. An individual takes blessings from his elders by touching their feet. Elders drill and pass on the Indian culture within us as we grow.

Helpful nature is another striking feature in our Indian culture. Right from our early days of childhood we are taught to help one another in need of help and distress. If not monetary then at least in kind or non – monetary ways.

Indian culture tells us to multiply and distribute joy and happiness and share sadness and pain. It tells us that by all this we can develop co – operation and better living amongst ourselves and subsequently make this world a better place to live in.

A combination of these factors has resulted into an exclusive culture- Indian culture. Indian culture is a composite mixture of varying styles and influences. In the matter of Cuisine, for instance, the North and the South are totally different. Festivals in India are characterized by Color, Gaiety, Enthusiasm, Prayers and Rituals. In the realm of Music, there are varieties of Folk, Popular, Pop, and Classical Music. The classical tradition of music in India includes the Carnatic and the Hindustani music.

India has a rich and unique Cultural Heritage, and has managed to preserve its established traditions throughout history whilst absorbing Customs, Traditions and Ideas from both invaders and immigrants. Many Cultural Practices, Languages, Customs and Monuments are examples of this co – mingling over centuries. Famous monuments, such as the Taj Mahal and other examples of Islamic – inspired architecture have been inherited from the Mughal dynasty. These are the result of a syncretic tradition that combined elements from all parts of the country.

Indian music is represented in a wide variety of forms. The two main forms of classical music are Carnatic from South India, and Hindustani from North India, each of which has several popular sub classes. Popular forms of music also prevail, the most notable being Filmi music. In addition to this are the diverse traditions of folk music from different parts of the country. Many classical dance forms exist, including the Bharatanatyam, Kathakali, Kathak, Kuchipudi, Odissi, and Manipuri. They often have a narrative form and are usually infused with devotional and spiritual elements.

The earliest literary traditions in India were mostly oral, and were later transcribed. Most of these are represented by sacred works like the Vedas and the epics of the Mahabharata and Ramayana. Sangam literature from Tamil Nadu represents some of India’s oldest traditions. There have been many notable modern Indian writers, both in Indian languages and in English.

Millions of ancient handwritten manuscripts have been identified and classified. India’s only Nobel laureate in literature was the Bengali writer Rabindranath Tagore. India is the third largest newspaper market in Asia with an estimated circulation of at least 66 million copies daily in 2003.

The nation also produces the world’s second largest number of motion pictures every year. The most recognizable face is that of cinema production based in Mumbai, which produces mainly commercial Hindi films, often referred to as “ Bollywood ”. There are also strong cinema industries based on the Bengali, Malayalam, Kannada, Tamil and Telugu languages.

The Cuisine of India is diverse, as Ingredients, Spices and Cooking methods vary from region to region. Rice and wheat are the staple foods in the country. The country is notable for its wide variety of Vegetarian and Non – Vegetarian Cuisine. Spicy food and sweets are popular in India. Traditional dress in India greatly varies across the regions in its Colours and Styles, and depend on various factors, including climate. Popular styles of dress include the traditional sari for women and the traditional dhoti for men.

India’s national sport is field Hockey, although cricket is now the de facto National game. In some states, particularly in the northeast, Football (Soccer) is the most popular sport and is widely watched. In recent times, tennis has gained popularity in India. Chess is also gaining popularity with the rise of the number of recognised grandmasters. The most commonly held view is that chess originated in India. Traditional indigenous sports include Kabaddi, Kho Kho and Gilli – danda, which are played in most parts of the country.

India is also known as a land of Festivals. A melting pot of many Religions, India has a rich diversity of Festivals, many of which are celebrated irrespective of caste and creed. The most widely known and popular celebrations include the Hindu festivals of Diwali, Holi, Pongal and Dussehra and the Muslim celebration of Eid. A number of festivals are common to most parts of India.

Questions:

 

1. Where is India situated?
2. What countries does it border on?
3. What do you know about the history?
4. What is the climate of the country?
5. Are there any natural resources in India?
6. How many people inhabit the country?
7. How many official languages are there in India?
8. What can you tell about the government system of the country?

9. What is special about the culture of India?







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