Participle
The Participle is a non-finite form of the verb denoting an action. It has some features of a VERB, an ADJECTIVE and an ADVERB.
The features of a verb are: 1) the Participle has voice forms (see the table above), 2) it shows time relative to the time of action expressed by the predicate in the sentence (see the table above), 3) it may have an object, e.g. Asking the students. he was very serious. Спрашивая студентов, он был очень серьёзен. 4) it may be defined by an adverb, e.g. Doing things quickly she was always in time for everything.- Делая все быстро, она всегда везде успевала вовремя.
The feature of an adjective is that the Participle can function as an attribute in a sentence. e.g. The broken vase was very old. Разбитая ваза была очень старая. The people sitting on the sofa are my relatives. Люди, сидящие на диване, мои родственники.
The feature of an adverb in the Participle is that it can be used as an adverbial modifier. e.g. We sat at the table having dinner. Мы сидели за столом, обедая. She was looking at the newcomer attracted by his strange appearance. Она смотрела на пришельца, привлеченная его странной внешностью.
Compare different forms and functions of the Participle.
1. Part of a predicate. They were arguing. Они спорили. She has been sitting there for an hour. Она сидит там уже час. The table was set for three persons. Стол был накрыт на троих. 2. Attribute (no perfect form is used in this function). We saw a nice house surrounded by a beautiful green garden. Мы увидели приятный домик, окруженный красивым садом. The article published was of great interest for me. Опубликованная статья была мне очень интересна. He saw many smiling faces. Он увидел много улыбающихся лиц. 3. Adverbial modifier of time, reason, manner, etc, (often used with conjunctions when, while, if or with.). Having never seen my friend's father I cannot tell whether his son resembles him or not. Поскольку я никогда не видел отца своего друга, я не могу сказать, похож ли сын на него. If asked about it I'll tell the truth. Если меня спросят об этом, я скажу правду. Not knowing his telephone number they couldn't tell him the news at once. Не зная номера его телефона, они не могли сообщить ему новости сразу.
Ex.1. Define the functions of the Participle in the following sentences. 1. The rising sun was suddenly hidden by the clouds. 2. Having plenty of time we decided to take a long walk. 3. He sat in a huge armchair staring at the wall. 4. Coming home we found that Mary had been working at her paper since morning. 5. The film shown to the students was not dubbed. 6. Moscow University was founded in 1755. 7. Waiting for him I looked through the magazines lying on the table. 8. When writing a telegram we must use as few words as possible. 9. I shall still be translating this long article when you come. 10. Experienced doctors were treating the injured boy. 11. They sat on a fallen tree that made a convenient seat. 12. The sun was setting down slowly as though hiding behind the mountains. 13. Good knives are made of stainless steel. 14. The sound of the ringing bell woke him. 15. Excited by my parents' letter she couldn't sleep well. 16. While at college he was the best golf player. 17. If frozen water becomes ice. 18. You can speak to all the students except those working in the computer classroom. 19. The problems dealt with are of great importance for our research. 20. The device used showed that our data were correct.
Ex.2. Give the reason why either Perfect or Non-perfect Participle is used. 1. Having finished the letter she mailed it. 2. Feeling ill I went to bed early. 3. Arriving at the station we decided to check the time of our departure first. 4. They were old friends having been at school together. 5. She spent a lot of time at home cleaning the rooms and cooking. 6. Having settled the matter we continued our work. 7. Seeing us they stopped. 8. Being in London for the first time she did a lot of sightseeing. 9. He went out of the room laughing. 10. Having broken her favourite vase she burst into tears. 11. Hearing this and learning that Mr. Smith stayed in London he went there at once. 12. Having done his homework David played a game of chess with his brother. 13. She looked at us smiling. 14. Having left my notebook behind I couldn't give you a ring as I had promised. 15. Coming up to the window he opened it and listened. 16. Thinking that he was out I decided to come some other time. Ex.3. Compare the sentences with different voice forms. Translate them into Russian. 1. The house being built in our street is quite modern. 2. Being watched by the people around the child got shy and ran away. 3. Having been shown the wrong way I could not find his house. 4. Given a difficult task to think over the students spent a lot of time in the laboratory. 5. Having been written long ago the letter was difficult to read. 6. Being made of pure wool the dress felt very warm and comfortable. 7. The project being realized was proposed by this joint enterprise. 8. Having read the note the old woman decided to write an answer. 9. Among the things most often opened by mistake is the mouth.
There are constructions of Complex Object in which Participle I is used instead of the Infinitive. e.g. I could hear him knocking with a hammer. Я слышал, как он стучал молотком. Unlike the Infinitive the Participle underlines the process here.
Ex.4. Change the following complex sentences into simple ones with the Complex Object. 1. Mary could see that Grandpa was working in the garden. 2. Ally saw that the bicycle was standing at the wall. 3. She saw that all the people were watching her. 4. We heard that somebody was shouting outside. 5. I could feel that the pain in my knee was increasing. 6. He saw that the car was coming over the hill. 7. We heard that he was coming upstairs slowly. 8. When I called on our friend I found that he had gone.
Ex.5. Change the Complex Object with the Participle into the Complex Subject. 1. I heard the baby crying in the nursery. 2. Mary watched her son playing in the garden. 3. I declare the meeting closed. 4. They kept the bottle filled with water. 5. I left two tickets reserved. 6. We seldom saw the old woman coming out of her house. 7. We could hear them arguing. 8. They saw the luggage being brought in.
Complex Object after the verbs " to have/get" means that something is done not by the subject of the sentence but for him or at his order. e.g. I want to have the door of my house painted. – Хочу, чтобы мне покрасили дверь моего дома.
Ex.6. Translate the sentences below paying attention to the construction with Participle II: 1. Mary will have her laundry done. 2. I'm going to have my hair cut short. 3. Did you have the film developed? 4. He said he had the telephone installed. 5. I'd like to have my photo taken. 6. When are you going to have your windows repaired? 7. They had all his speeches recorded. 8. We must have all the equipment packed by tomorrow. 9. They got their children educated at Oxford. 10. After a long talk they finally had the plans changed. 11. Do you often have you chest X-rayed? 12. I told him I wanted to get my piano tuned up. 13. Your skirt is too long. You should have it shortened. 14. My mother had her hair dyed yesterday. 15. His book is too old and shabby. He wants to get it bound. 16. I was going to have the table laid for two. 17. Have them brought here immediately.
Ex.7. Change the sentences below to have the same construction. 1. I have knitted a warm sweater for my friend. 2. John's trousers were pressed. 3. My brother will repair your bicycle. 4. I typed the article two days ago. 5. My blood will be tested next week. 6. His bad tooth was pulled out. 7. The walls of my room have been papered. 8. My father is building a garage. 9. My nails are manicured. 10. We shall lay the table for the birthday party. 11. My watch was fixed yesterday. 12. I'd like to adjust the TV set. 13. She said she would remove the grease stain from her blouse.
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