Participle II

Participle II has only one form – the third form of the verb: done, gone, finished and so on. That’s why it doesn’t have any grammatical categories. We can analyse the grammatical meanings which it expresses. Particple II shows that the action is completed: Going- going – gone! = Продається – продається – продано!

Participle II of transitive verbs is always passive in meaning: asked, loved, seen, written (написанный). Participle II of intransitive verbs is always active in meaning: arrived, vanished, gone (ушедший).

The syntactic functions of the participle are similar to those of the adjective and adverb.

- predicative: They are gone.

- attribute: Chernihiv, situated on the river Desna, is an ancient town.

- adv. modifier. Unless asked he kept silent.

Participial Predicative Complex

The Participle may have a subject of its own which is usually expressed by a noun in the common case or an objectivepronoun.

- object

We watched the children playing. = Ми спостерігали, як діти грались.

We found the window broken.= Ми прийшли і побачили, що вікно розбите

Compare: We found a broken window. = Ми знайшли робите вікно.

‘A broken window’ is a phrase, not a complex. ‘Broken’ is an attribute.

- subject

The children were seen playing. = Бачили, як діти грались.

The window was found broken. = Виявилось, що вікно розбите.

- adverbial modifier

(With) the children playing it was noisy in the room = Діти грались і було …

(With) the window broken it was cold in the room.= Вікно було розбите і в кімнаті було холодно.

Ex. 3 State the syntactic function of the particle in the following quotations.

1) If you put tomfoolery into a computer, nothing comes out of it but tomfoolery. But this tomfoolery, having passed through a very expensive machine, is somehow ennobled and no-one dares criticize it. (__________________) 2) Perfect courage is to do without witnesses what one would be capable of doing with the world looking on. (___________________________________) 3) When given a choice, take both! (__________________________) 4) The angels come to visit us, and we only know them when they are gone. (___________________) 5) A life spent making mistakes is not only more honorable, but more useful than a life spent doing nothing. (__________________________) 6) It is easy to take liberty for granted when you have never had it taken from you. = коли її в тебе ніколи не забирали. (___________________) 7) There's no trick to being a humorist when you have the whole government working for you. (________________________________) 8) Life being what it is, one dreams of revenge. (___________________) 9) Laws are like sausages. It's better not to see them being made. (__________________________) 10) I want all my senses engaged. Let me absorb the world's variety and uniqueness. (____________________) 11) Life is what happens to you while you're busy making other plans. (John Lennon) _______________________________________________

12. Whenever I hear anyone arguing for slavery, I feel a strong impulse to see it tried on him personally. (Abraham Lincoln) ____________________

13. If you pick up a starving dog and make him prosperous, he will not bite you. This is the principal difference between a dog and a man. (M. Twain)

 

Participle	Frankly speaking, I'm tired.			They are gone/ amazed. The clowns are amazing	________	________	________	________
Gerund	_________	Smoking is harmful. Itwas no use arguing. (useless, no good) There was no persuading him.	What/ how about doing something	My hobby is collecting stamps Studying means working hard. I am against/ for staying here. I don't feel like staying here.	________	They stopped talking. Don't stop, go on talking. begin, start, continue, cease, go on, keep, finish, give up, quit, burst	________	He suggested taking a taxi. admit, avoid, deny, consider, risk, enjoy, love, fancy, imagine, hate, mind, involve, postpone, mention, can't stand/ help, be busy/ worth regret, miss, practice, go+activity, delay, resent, resist, recollect.
Infinitive	To tell you the truth, I'm tired	To say "Yes" was impossible. Itwas impossible to say "Yes". useful, important, difficult, easy	Why not do something.	The next task is to write an essay.	She is pleasant to deal with. His hair is hard to keep tidy.	They began to talk. First read, and then go on to translate. begin, start, continue, cease, go on	I can dance well.	I am glad to see you. afraid, ready I find iteasy to study English. I offered to help her. arrange, agree, can afford, want, hope, intend, plan, decide,, hesitate, pretend, promise, expect, refuse, manage, claim, mean.
Syntactic functions	parenthesis	Subject (before a predicate)	predicate	Predicative (after a link verb)	secondary pr-cative	A part of a compound aspect predicate	modal pred	Object what?

 

 

_________	I put all the ingredients into the boiling water/ water boiling in the pan. It’s a broken cup.	________	________	He entered the room smiling. He spent a lot of time practicing.	Not knowing what to say he kept silent.	Having come home he started practicing. While eating he kept silent.	He walked stooping	Though tired he kept working.
I look forward to hearing from you. He’s clever at writing essays. Think/ suspect smb/ accuse smb of Object/ be used/ look forward to; Insist/ depend on; blame sb for; succeed/ be engaged in	There's no sense/ point in doing it. What’s the use of talking about it? hope, intention, hatred, habit This is my writing table.	________	________	He left without saying "good-bye".	He missed the classes because of/ through being unwell.	On coming home he phoned me (after, before)	He got everything by working a lot	In spite of feeling unwell he kept working.
_________	I have no wish to see it. attempt, decision, plans, proposal There's nothing/ something to do. He was the first/ last to speak.	You are too young to go to night clubs & you are old enough to understand it.	He joined the expedition to do some research.	He went to Africa with the expedition (only) to die there of fever.	_________	_________	_________	_________
prepositional object on/ at/ to/ of what?	Attribute what kind of?	adverbial modifier of a) result	b)purpose why?	c) attendant circumstances	d)reason why?	c) time when?	d) manner how?	c) concession

Predicative Complex with the participle (participial complex)	He was seen talking to somebody. (Could) be heard, found, left, kept, caught   The window was found broken. Seen, found, left, considered, believed		We saw him talking to somebody. See, hear, feel, leave, find, catch, keep, have We found the window broken. Have, get, want, see, hear, leave, find I have my hair cut once a month.
Predicative Complex with the gerund (gerundial complex)	His coming back is a great event.   It’s no use/ no good/ useless your going there now.	I'm for your coming back.	I can’t stand his telling the stories again and again.   I'm looking forward to your coming back.
PC with the infinitive introduced by prep."for" (for-phrase)	1. For me to stay here is very important. 2. It’s very important for me to stay here. It is not for me to decide. (Hard, easy, unusual) 3. It was nice of you tohelp me. (Kind, sensible, silly, stupid, tactless, generous	My aim is for you to get a good education.	We are waiting for you to come. He arranged for me to stay at a hotel. We’re anxious(= want) for you to succeed. We appealed for the case to be investigated. Mean, long (= want)
Predicative Complex (PC) with the infinitive	1. He was seen to enter the house. Heard, expected, told, known, believed,made 2. He is sure to go. (un)likely, bound 3. She seems to havefinished her repot. appear, turn out, prove, happen		We saw him enter the house. Notice, see, hear, feel, let, make, have I want you to stay. Would like, hate, prefer, expect, know, believe, allow, order
Syntactic functions	subject	predicative	object

 

	- time The dinner over, we went into the garden. - attend circumstances It being warm and sunny, we were having a good time on the beach. - reason The window broken, it was cold in the room. With him talking to smb., we had to wait.	Predicative complexes with non-finite forms of the verb consist of a nominal part (a noun or a pronoun different from the subject in the sentence) and a non-finite form of the verb (an infinitive, a gerund or a participle) with predicative relations between them. Similar relations are between a subject and a predicate in the sentence. It means that a predicative complex could be transformed into a subject and a predicate of a clause. E.g.: I saw him take the money. = I saw that he tookthe money. Infinitive phrases consisting of a question word and an infinitive could be also transformed into a subordinate clause but the predicate in the sentence and the infinitive have the same subject. E.g.: I don’t know where to buy a cake. = I don’t know where I can buy a cake.	- object She explained which book to use. We hesitated whether to go or not. - attribute We discussed the problem of who to invite.
I have no hope of his coming back.	- time After his coming back we started discussing our further steps. - attend circumstances We left without his noticing it. - reason We had to wait because of his talking to smb.
There's nobody for him to play with.	- result The box is too heavy for me to lift. - purpose I’ve told you about it for you to know the truth.	- subject How to get across was the problem. - predicative The problem was how to get across.
attribute	adverbial modifier

 

_________________________ Practical Grammar

Group Second Year Term 2

Test 2 ‘Non-finite forms’

I. Read the following quotations and state the syntactic functions

a) of infinitives

1. To be conscious that you are ignorant is a great step to knowledge. (B. Disraeli) _________________________________________________

2. Success usually comes to those who are too busy to be looking for it. (H. Thoreau) ______________________________________________

3. Bad habits are like a comfortable bed. They are easy to get into, but hard to get out of. __________________________________________

4. The only way to get rid of a temptation is to yield to it. _____________

5. The worst loneliness is not to be comfortable with yourself. _________

b) of gerunds

6. Failure is not falling down, it is not getting up again to continue life's journey. (Richard Nixon) ____________________________________

7. Foresight is knowing when to shut your mouth before someone suggests it. (Unknown) ______________________________________

8. Arithmetic is being able to count up to twenty without taking off your shoes. (Mickey Mouse) _____________________________________

9. Diplomacy is the art of knowing what not to say. ________________

10. The art of medicine consists in amusing the patient while nature cures the disease. (Voltaire) _______________________________________

c)of participles

11. Science is nothing but trained and organized common sense. (Th. H. Huxley) _________________________________________________

12. Science when well-digested is nothing but good sense and reason. (Stanilaus) _______________________________________________

13. I was thrown out of college for cheating on the metaphysics exam; I looked into the soul of the boy sitting next to me. (W. Allen) ________

14. People who work sitting down get paid more than people who work standing up. ______________________________________________

15. Never give advice unless asked. (Proverb) ______________________

d) of predicative complexes (state whether it’s Inf., P I, P II or G.)

16. Fish is the only food that is considered spoiled once it smells like what it is._______________,______________________________________

17. Inspiration does exist, but it must find you working. ______________

________________________________________________________

18. Life is full of surprises. Don't insist on everything being predictable. _________________________________________________________

19. If it weren't for my lawyer, I'd still be in prison. It went a lot faster with two people digging. ________________________________________

20. California is a fine place to live - if you happen to be an orange. (F. Allen) ___________________________________________________

II. Underline 5 Gerunds, 3 Gerundial complexes, 3 Participles I, 1 Participial complex and state their syntactic functions:

I've been here for three days and I am having a great time, but I can't help wishing you were here too. Tell your boss I'm really angry at him. His not letting you take any vacation time qualifies him for the Jerk-of-the-Year Award. Believe it or not, the first night I missed hearing all the city noises, but having spent a couple of days in the peace and quiet I easily got used to everything being so relaxed here. Getting out of New York City was definitely what I needed, even if it's only for two weeks. I spend my time riding a horse. Horses are amazing animals. The ranch employees do everything for you—the opportunity of being taken care of is nice, for a change, and I love being chauffeured around Santa Fe in the ranch limousine. Tonight a bunch of us are going out to Rodeo Nites in Santa Fe for a dance, so my having taken those two-step lessons last summer will come in handy. Tomorrow we're all going to Taos Pueblo to watch some weave being done.

III. Use either an infinitive or a gerund. Add particle ‘to’ or a preposition if necessary.

1. He accepted the cut in salary because he was afraid ______________ (complain). He was afraid ________________________(lose) his job.

2. Did you remember ____________ (lock) the car? ~ Well, I remember ______________ (take) the key and I meant ______________ (lock) the car but I’m not sure whether I did it. I’d better go and check.

3. The hunters expected __________________ (be paid) by the foot for the snakes they caught. This meant ________________ (take) the snakes out of the sack and _________________ (measure) them. They seemed ______________ (expect) me ______________ (do) it.

4. He suggested _____________ (call) a meeting and ___________(let) the workers ___________________ (decide) the matter themselves.

5. Almost as soon as I had posted the letter, I regretted ____________ (turn down) the job.

6. I’m trying ________________ (study) but I can’t. I’ve got a splitting headache. I tried ___________ (take) some aspirin, but it didn’t work

 

IV. Paraphrase the following sentences using non-finites & state their syntactic functions.

E.g. He suggested that they should join a gym. - He suggested their joining a gym. (gerundial complex, object)

1. It seemed that he was looking for somebody.

He seemed ________________________________________________

2. James went out. But he didn't take any money with him.

James went out_______________________________________________

3. He was going to edit my interview out. I strongly objected to it.

I strongly objected _________________________________________

4. I’ve just been to the dentist’s. He has filled my tooth.

I’ve just had ______________________________________________

5. He was doing his homework. He was also listening to music.

He was doing his homework _________________________________

6. She isn’t very strong. She can’t lift it.

She isn’t _________________________________________________

7. He left while she was sleeping.

He left ___________________________________________________

8. Emma didn’t know the exact address. That’s why she spent a lot of time looking for the house. ___________________________________ she spent a lot of time looking for the house.

9. There was a weakness in the methods that were used.

There was weakness ___________________________________________

10. We were really impressed by their performance.

Their performance was _________________________________________

 

V. Complete the following sentences by adding infinitives, gerunds, participles or their complexes. Give variants where possible.

M ode l: 1) It's quite impossible — to do it/ for me to do it.

2) Nobody insisted on — going there/ your doing it.

 

1. The book is really worth ________________________________

2. I don't suspect you ___________________________________

3. You're old enough ______________________________________

4. It's perfectly easy ______________________________________

5. It’s no use _________________________________________

6. I did not mind _________________________________________

7. She was the last________________________________________

8. He left without _____________________________________

9. She was the last_____________________________________

10. She made __________________________________________

11. I don't feel like _____________________________________

12. We are used________________________________________

13. His absence was easy__________________________________

14. I’ve never heard_____________________________________

15. She seems _________________________________________

16. I can’t afford ______________________________________

17. At last he finished __________________________________

18. There’s no sense ____________________________________

VI. Say it in English using non-finites.

1. Ти чув, як сусідський собака гавкав усю ніч?

_________________________________________________________

2. Так. Коли його залишають самого, він завжди стає занадто голосним. ________________________________________________

3. Сусіди, здається, поїхали у відпустку.

_________________________________________________________

4. Я бачила, як вони поклали речі в машину і поїхали.

_________________________________________________________

5. Я шкодую, що ми не поїхали у відпустку, як планували.

_________________________________________________________

6. Ніколи не забуду, як ми відпочивали у Єгипті.

________________________________________________________

7. Ти ж знаєш, ми не можемо собі дозволити поїхати закордон цього року. ____________________________________________________

8. Але ми обов’язково добре відпочинемо наступного року _________________________________________________________

9. Пропоную з’їздити в Крим для різноманітності. _________________________________________________________

VII. Write about an experience of yours when you felt embarrassed, frightened or surprised. Use at least 10 different patterns with non-finite forms.

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