Participle I. Participle I is also an ‘ing-form’ and it combines verbal and nominal characteristics

Participle I is also an ‘ing-form’ and it combines verbal and nominal characteristics. Note that the Gerund is similar to the noun (на українську перекладаємо як іменник або інфінитив), but Participle I is similar to an adjective or an adverb. (на українську перекладаємо як дієприкметник або дієприслівник) e.g.: Dancing is her hobby. (gerund) = Танці – це її хобі. The dancing girl was beautiful. (participle I) = Танцююча дівчина була гарною.

Verbal characteristics

1. It names a process or an action in the most general way.

e.g.: I watched the children playing in the yard.

2. It has two verbal categories.

- correlation: doing – having done

- voice: doing – being done

e.g.: Having spent all the money, Pam asked for a loan. (витративши) Having been bitten twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters, unless we chased our dog up.

3. It has the valency of the verb: the participle can be modified by an adverbial modifier and the participle of transitive verbs can take a direct object. e.g.: Not knowing the language (object) well (adv. mod.), he found it hard to get work.

4. The participle is used in predicative relation to the nominal element of a predicative complex. Predicative complexes function as complex subjects, objects or adv. modifiers.

e.g.: I caught them stealing my apples. (complex object) = I caught them when they were stealing my apples.

Nominal characteristics of the participle

5. The syntactic functions of the participle are similar to those of the adjective and adverb.

- predicative: This job is really tiring.

Having done his homework he went for a walk. (Participle I)= зробивши

Nevertheless, the particle can be preceded by a conjunction.

e.g.: While doing his homework he listened to music. (Participle)