Sentence structure. Perception of simple and complicated clauses.
"I am, he thought, a part of all that I have touched and that has touched me, which, having for me no existence save that I gave to it, became other than itself by being mixed with what I then was, and is now still otherwise, having fused with what I now am, which is itself a cumulation of what I have been becoming" (77z. Wolfe. Look Homeward, Angel).
Syntactic figures. The main function of the majority of syntactic stylistic devices is drawing of a certain unit on the foreground by means of its specific location. Position changes result in the pitch and rhythm ones. A word or a word combination put on the foreground due to inversion, repetition, isolating gets a special stress and without changing its lexical and grammar meaning attributes additional sense and emotional meaningfulness.
Cf. He visited the home of the Prime Minister secretly" and “Secretly, he visited the home of the Prime Minister".
Intonation (in the written speech the intonation patterns are established via punctuation). V.A.Kuharenko, pp. 63-66; Л.П. Єфімов, “Miscellaneous remarks on punctuation” С.37-45.
Examples (for level 1-4)
| 1."Why doesn't he have his shirt on?" the child asks distinct
ly.
"I don't know," her mother says. "I suppose he thinks he has a nice chest."
"Is that his boo-zim?" Joyce asks.
"No, darling: only ladies have bosom" (J. Updike).
"Ah canna see her changin' her mind so quickly. In fack, Ah never thought she'd change her mind" (S. Chaplin).
| | 2. "customary procedure" - "crustymoney pro-seedcake"; "selly-brated", "benny-violent" (benevolent), "illygitmit" (illegitimate). "ockepied" (occupied), "dawter" (daughter), "rane" (rain), "kum" (come)
| | 3. "My daddy's coming to-morrow on a nairplane" (= an airplane) (D. Salinger)
"'It's a ninseck' (= an insect), the girl said" (H. Lee).
| | 4. "Speaknubout prices" = speaking about prices; "jiver" = did you ever; "pleasmeech" = pleased to meet you; "Snoway talkcher father" = it is no way to talk to father.
| | 5. У каждого из знаменитых персонажей Уолта Диснея есть своя фонетическая метка: Койот по-британски растягивает "а"; Дональд Утенок шепелявит и говорит "thaid" вместо "said", "thome" вместо "some"; Кролик заменяет долгий гласный дифтонгом и произносит "woild" (world), "boid" (bird), "foist" (first); Цыпленок не может выговорить "г" и пользуется звуком "w" — "fweezing" (freezing), "fwom" (from).
| | 6. "c-c-c-c-c-com-ing", "c-c-c-c-case", "b-b-b-b-bas-tud".
| | 7. «Мать была из низовских, из-под Братска, где цокают и шипят: „крыноцка с молоцком на полоцке", „лешу у наш много, живой морож"». В. Распутин «Живи и помни»
| |
8. Не spoke with the flat ugly "a" and withered "r" of Boston Irish, and Levy looked up at him and mimicked, "All right, I'll give the caaads a break and staaat playing" (N. Mailer).
| | 9. «Варенуха проделал все, что полагается человеку в минуты великого изумления. Он и по кабинету пробежался, и дважды вздымал руки, как распятый, и выпил целый стакан желтоватой воды из графина, и восклицал: — Не понимаю! Не понимаю! Не по-ни-маю» (М. Булгаков).
| | 10. "Help! Help! HELP!" he shouted (A. Huxley).
"He called it a helmet, though it certainly looked much more like a saucepan" (L. Carroll).
| | «11. Чело-волки» А. Вознесенского, «торшерство», «кабычегоневышлисты» Е. Евтушенко, "toing and froing" 4. Диккенса, "unbeautiful" И. Шоу, "otherness" Дж. Брейна, «непроходимцы-мимо» Л. Лиходеева, «орангутангел» В. Маяковского, «дребеденьги» К. Чуковского, "Dreamerica" А. Бернса, "the chickenest-hearted man" 4. Диккенса, «НИИКАВО» (научно-исследовательский институт кабалистики и ворожбы) и «НИИЧАВО» (научно-исследовательский институт чародейства и волшебства) Стругацких.
| | 12. "Militant feminists grumble that history is exactly what it says,— His-story, and not Her-story at all" (J. Robinson).
| | 13. "Не wished she would not look at him in this new way. For things were changing, something was changing now, this minute, just when he thought they would never change again, just when he found a way to live in that changelessness" (R. P. Warren).
| | 14. "There was then a calling over of names, and great work of singeing, sealing, stamping, inking and sanding, with exceedingly blurred, gritty and undecipherable results" (Ch. Dickens).
| | 15. "What's done, can't be undone" (W. Shakespeare); "Once you've learned a lesson, it's hard to unlearn it" (E. O'Neil); "She was waiting for something to happen. Or for everything to unhappen" {T. Howard).
| | 16. в романе Дж. Барта "Giles Goat-Boy" находим "hopelesshood", "commence-domship", "gratituditynesshoodshipsy".
| | 17. "Should, anerous, enthroprose call homovirtue, duin-nafear!" (J. Joyce).
| | 18. "Babbitt's spectacles had huge, circular frameless lenses of the very best glass; the earpieces were thin bars of gold. In them... his head suddenly appeared not babyish but weighty, he was the modern business man!" (S. Lewis).
| | 19. "There is only the flow of the motor between the you which you have just left in one place and the you which you will be when you get to the other place" (R. P. Warren)
| | 20. "The blue of the eyes was pale and washed out like the blue of the shirt" (R. P. Warren). "On the left bank of the stream to the west, reared the bluffs, sometimes showing the gray of lime-stone" (R. P. Warren). "Не could see only the white of the beach and the curve of the shore" (E. Hemingway).
"We regarded the new shower curtain. It had two colours, a red and a yellow. The red the red of red cabbage, the yellow the yellow of yellow beans" (D. Barthelme).
| | 21. "Не started the motor with a rope pull, which brought on memories of outboard motors on mountain lakes in the long ago" (J. Cheever). "She knew, all at once, what her life was. It was a going away" (R. P. Warren).
| | 22. "An American Tragedy", A Farewell to Arms"
| | 23. "Не believed he was safe". (T. Morrison, “Tar Baby”);
“When he finished packing, he walked out on to the third-floor porch of the barracks brushing the dust from his hands...” (J. Jones);
"She was helping the other girls of the village...” (I. Stone “The Greek Treasure”)
| | 24. "They buried the old man on a hill and said some words over him, and unloaded the car and had something to eat, because there was food in the kitchen; and they did nothing for three days but fix the house and look at the land and lie in the good beds, and then look at one another in surprise that all this was happening this way, and their stomachs were full and there was even a cigar for him to smoke in the evenings" (R. Bradbury. The Scythe).
| | 25. "a pale, worried pencil of a man" (J. O'Hara); "mean, modern and pretentious suburbs" (J. Joyce).
| | 26. "Their thick lips were walls" (Sh. Anderson); "His lips were bloodless. The iron teeth of confinement and privation had been slowly filing them down for twenty years" (Ch. Dickens); "Laughter played around his lips" (Ch. Dickens); "The rosebuds of her lips" (Th. Hardy);
| | 27. The car eased into the road"; "He extricated himself from the bedclothes"; "the shoes squished the mud"; "she came to fling out a pan of water"
| | 28. «Глокая куздра штеко будланула бокра и кудрячит бокренка».
| | 29. "Не struck his fist on the table. Hard" (S. Chaplin. The Watchers and the Watched).
| | 30. "Yet at least he (Mucho) believed in the cars. Maybe to excess: how could he not, seeing people poorer than him come in, Negro, Mexican, cracker, a parade seven days a week, bringing the most Godawful of trade-ins: motorized, metal extensions of themselves, of their families and what their whole lives must be like, out there so naked for anybody, a stranger like himself, to look at, frame cockeyed, rusty underneath Tiender repainted in a shade just off enough to depress the value, if not Mucho himself, inside smelling hopelessly of children, supermarket booze, two, sometimes three generations of cigarette smokers, or only of dust — and when the cars were swept out you had to look at the actual residue of these lives, and there was no way of telling what things had been truly refused (when so little he supposed came by that out of fear most of it had to be taken and kept) and what had simply (perhaps tragically) been lost: clipped coupons promising savings of 5 to 10 cents, trading stamps, pink flyers advertising specials at the markets, butts, tooth-shy combs, help-wanted ads, Yellow Pages torn from the phone book, rags of old underwear or dresses that were already period costumes, for wiping your own breath off the inside of a windshield with so you could see whatever it was, a movie, a woman, or car you coveted, a cop who might pull you over just for drill, all the bits and pieces coated uniformly, like a salad of despair, in a gray dressing of ash, condensed exhaust, dust, body wastes — it made him sick to look, but he had to look" (T. Pynchon. The Crying of Lot 49).
| | 31. "When the shooting started, he had clapped this helmet on his head so hard it banged his head as though he had been hit with a casserole and, in the last lung-aching, leg-dead, mouth-dry, bullet-spatting, bullet-cracking, bullet-singing run up the final slope of the hill after his horse was killed, the helmet had seemed to weigh a great amount and to ring his bursting forehead with an iron band. But he had kept it" (E. Hemingway. For Whom the Bell Tolls).
| | 32. "I am, he thought, a part of all that I have touched and that has touched me, which, having for me no existence save that I gave to it, became other than itself by being mixed with what I then was, and is now still otherwise, having fused with what I now am, which is itself a cumulation of what I have been becoming" (K. Wolfe. Look Homeward, Angel).
| | 33. The most beautiful place! It is quite alone standing well back from the road, quite three miles from the village. It makes me think of English places that you read about, for there are hedges and walls and gates that lock, and lots of separate little houses for the gardeners and people. There is a delicious garden! I never saw such a garden--large and shady, full of box-bordered paths, and lined with long grape-covered arbors with seats under them. There were greenhouses, too, but they are all broken now. There was some legal trouble, I believe, something about the heirs and coheirs; anyhow, the place has been empty for years (Ch. Perkins Gilman).
|
5. The textual level of actualization is realized via:
- title;
- proper name;
- artistic detail.
| Textual category
| The Textual level of Actualization: The Title
| | 1. Divisibility
| Intermediate titles given to chapters or parts of a work of fiction actualize the category of divisibility.
| | 2/3. Coherence, cohesion
| Coherence is established due to repeating of the words of the title in the text. J. Lahiri “The Namesake”
| | 4. Prospection
| The title modifies readers’ anticipations and expectations.
| | 5. Retrospection
| The title is a frame sign. It provides the connection of the story’s beginning and ending, makes readers return to some previously described time planes.
| | 6. Anthropocentricity
| Although the category of anthropocentricity is available in any work of fiction, in the title it is only actualized when proper names or their descriptive substitutes (“Macbeth”, W. Shakespeare, “The Catcher in the Rye” J. D. Saliger).
| | 7. Spatio-temporal reference
| Space and time are regularly actualized in the title. Their conceptual loading totally depends on the context.
"An Evening in Bysantium" (I. Shaw); "From Here to Eternity" (J. Jones); "The Deer Park" (N. Mailer); "Bullit Park" (J. Cheever); "2001: A Space Odyssey" (A. Clarke); "The Winter of Our Discontent" (J. Steinbeck); "Butterfield, 8" (J. O'Hara); "Winesburg, Ohio" (Sh. Anderson).
| | 8. Conceptuality
| The concept is only represented by a complete literary text. The most important and precise formulation of the concept can be placed in the title.
| | 9. Informativeness
| The title names the text according to its topic.
Twelfth Night, or What You Will" (W. Shakespeare); "Slapstick, or Lonesome no More" (K. Vonnegut).
| | 9. Systemacy
| See 5.
| | 10. Completeness
/integrity
| Completeness is established due to the delimitative function of the title that separates two complete texts.
| | 11. Modality
| The category of modality is shown explicitly (via the use of emotive words in their direct meaning. "The Quiet American" Гр. Грина, "Wonder Hero" Дж. Пристли, "The Nice and the Good" А. Мердок.
| | 12. Pragmatic orientation
| The title as the first sign of the text performs advertising and contact functions. "The Murder on the Links"; "The Murder of Roger Ackroyd"; "The Murder at the Vicarage"; "Murder on the Orient Express"; "Murder in Three Acts"; "The ABC Murder"; "Murder in Mesopotamia"; "Murder Is Easy"; "A Murder Is Announced"
|
Кардиналистский и ординалистский подходы Кардиналистский (количественный подход) к анализу полезности основан на представлении о возможности измерения различных благ в условных единицах полезности...
|
Обзор компонентов Multisim Компоненты – это основа любой схемы, это все элементы, из которых она состоит. Multisim оперирует с двумя категориями...
|
Композиция из абстрактных геометрических фигур Данная композиция состоит из линий, штриховки, абстрактных геометрических форм...
|
Важнейшие способы обработки и анализа рядов динамики Не во всех случаях эмпирические данные рядов динамики позволяют определить тенденцию изменения явления во времени...
|
|
Репродуктивное здоровье, как составляющая часть здоровья человека и общества
Репродуктивное здоровье – это состояние полного физического, умственного и социального благополучия при отсутствии заболеваний репродуктивной системы на всех этапах жизни человека...
Случайной величины Плотностью распределения вероятностей непрерывной случайной величины Х называют функцию f(x) – первую производную от функции распределения F(x):
Понятие плотность распределения вероятностей случайной величины Х для дискретной величины неприменима...
Схема рефлекторной дуги условного слюноотделительного рефлекса При неоднократном сочетании действия предупреждающего сигнала и безусловного пищевого раздражителя формируются...
|
|
Неисправности автосцепки, с которыми запрещается постановка вагонов в поезд. Причины саморасцепов ЗАПРЕЩАЕТСЯ: постановка в поезда и следование в них вагонов, у которых автосцепное устройство имеет хотя бы одну из следующих неисправностей:
- трещину в корпусе автосцепки, излом деталей механизма...
Понятие метода в психологии. Классификация методов психологии и их характеристика Метод – это путь, способ познания, посредством которого познается предмет науки (С...
ЛЕКАРСТВЕННЫЕ ФОРМЫ ДЛЯ ИНЪЕКЦИЙ К лекарственным формам для инъекций относятся водные, спиртовые и масляные растворы, суспензии, эмульсии, новогаленовые препараты, жидкие органопрепараты и жидкие экстракты, а также порошки и таблетки для имплантации...
|
|
