Vocabulary tasks. AMatch the following English words and phrases with their Russian equivalents.

A Match the following English words and phrases with their Russian equivalents.

B Match each word or phrase on the left to the correct definition on the right.

C Use an appropriate word or phrase from the box to complete each sentence.

The "constitution" of England is unwritten and is largely based on precedent; hence it is a true creation of the common law. Several documents, such as the

1) ______ and the English Bill of Rights, are incorporated into the precedent.

Unless changes are constitutionally prohibited, Congress or the state legislatures may enact laws (statutes) that modify the common law. These 2) ______ also subject to 3) ______interpretation, are collected into codes - along with case law, the codes from the law generally applied in court. Unlike Civil Law codes, common law codes are not intended to be entire statements of the whole law.

As 4) ______ developed, a judge confronted with a puzzling new 5) ______ would search the literature for a similar case to determine whether a 6) ______ been established. If so, the judge would follow the prior decision.

If there are no modern American or English precedents for a specific case, a

7) ______can, and sometimes do, consider Justinian's 8) ______. Some areas of the common taw, such as the law of negotiable instruments, are derived from Roman 9) ______.

The fact that there are many precedents in the common law system, and hence, much scope for arguments and disagreement, encourages 10) ______, which produces a need for 11) ______.

An 12) ______ should: handle cases competently, zealously advocate the client's cause, remain true to his/her duties as an officer of the court, keep the client reasonably informed, abide by the strictures of attorney/client privilege, and try to protect a client from problems caused by the attorney's withdrawal from a case.

Attorneys can be used not only to resolve problems, but also to prevent them. Familiar with general 13) ______ principles, the lawyer directs his/her knowledge toward finding and 14) ______ the law to a particular set of facts.