| Question word
| Question
| Answer
|
| WHEN
Когда?
| When did they arrive?
When will you com?
| Yesterday.
Next Monday.
|
| WHERE
Где?
| Where is she?
Where can I find a book?
| At home.
On that table.
|
| WHY
Почему?
| Why did he leave early?
Why aren`t you coming with us?
| Because he`s ill.
I`m tired.
|
| HOW
Как?
| How did you come to the Univ.?
How does he drive?
How much money does it cost?
How many people came?
How old are you?
How cold is it?
How soon can you get there?
How fast were you driving?
How long has he been here?
How often do you write home?
How far is it to Miami from here?
| By bus.
Carefully.
Two dollars.
Fifteen.
Twelve.
Ten below zero.
In ten minutes.
50 miles an hour.
Two years.
Every week.
500 miles.
|
| WHO
Кто?
| Who can answer this question?
Who came to visit you?
Who is coming to dinner tonight?
Who wants to come with me?
| I can.
Jane and Eric.
Ann, Bob, and Al.
We do.
|
| WHOM
Кому?
| Who(m) did you see?
Who(m) are you visiting?
Who(m) should I talk to?
To whom should I talk?
| I saw George.
My relatives.
The secretary.
|
| WHOSE
Чей?
| Whose book did you borrow?
Whose key is this?
Whose is this?
| David`s.
It`s mine.
|
| WHAT
Что?
| What made you angry?
What went wrong.
| His rudeness.
Everything.
|
| WHICH
Какой?
| Which pen do you want?
Which one do you want?
Which do you want?
| The blue one.
That one.
|
11. СИСТЕМА ВРЕМЕН ГЛАГОЛА В АКТИВНОМ ЗАЛОГЕ
| | SIMPLE
| CONTINUOUS
| PERFECT
| PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
|
| | Выражает обычное, постоянно повторяющееся действие
| Выражает действие, происходящее в момент речи или в определенный момент времени
| Выражает свершившееся действие к моменту речи в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем
| Выражает действие, начавшееся в определенный момент речи и продолжающееся
|
| PRESENT
| V|Vs/es (3л., ед.ч.)
do|does? (3л., ед.ч.)?
every day, often, usually, sometimes, seldom
I usually go to the swimming pool three times a week.
| Be(am, are, is) +Ving
?Am I? Is he? Are you?
At the moment, now
…when…
He is going to the swimming pool now.
| Has
+Ш.непр. V|Ved
Have
Already, just, ever, yet
He has already gone to the swimming pool.
| Has
+ been + Ving
Have
For, since
He has been going to the swimming pool for 3 years.
|
| PAST
|
Ved/IIф.неправ.V
did?
yesterday, last, ago
Yesterday I went to the swimming pool.
| Was (I,she,he,it)
+Ving
Were (you,we,they)
Yesterday at 3o`clock
…when…
At that moment yesterday he was going to the swimming pool.
| Had+IIIф.непр.V/Ved
by, when…+IIIф.V/Ved
When she came home, Peter had already gone to the swimming pool.
| Had+been V/Ving
For, since,
…when…, before
He had been going to the swimming pool for one year when he stopped.
|
| FUTURE
| Will + V
tomorrow, next
in (a month)
Tomorrow I will go to the swimming pool.
| Will + be +Ving
tomorrow from 3to5
Tomorrow at seven o`clock he will be going to the swimming pool.
| Will + have + IIIф.V/Ved
by, …when…
When she comes home tomorrow, Peter will have already gone.
| will+ have+been
+ Ving
for, by, before
when(if) +V (simple)
He will have been going to the swimming pool for three years by Sept.
|
12. СИСТЕМА ВРЕМЕН ГЛАГОЛА В ПАССИВНОМ ЗАЛОГЕ
Страдательный залог в английском языке характерен для научного стиля речи.
В страдательном залоге над человеком (над предметом) действие совершается, отсюда и название залога – «страдательный» или «пассивный».
Английский пассив образуется только от переходных глаголов (способных иметь после себя прямое дополнение) с помощью вспомогательного глагола «to be» в нужном времени, числе и лице и 3ей формой смыслового глагола:
They treated the problem carefully (active). (Они внимательно рассмотрели эту проблему).
The problem was treated carefully (passive). (Эта проблема была внимательно рассмотрена).
Бывшее беспредложное косвенное дополнение, становясь подлежащим в страдательном залоге, переводится на русский язык винительным или дательным падежом:
They invited me to the conference. (Они пригласили меня на конференцию).
I was invited to the conference. (Меня пригласили на конференцию).
Бывшее предложное косвенное дополнение, становясь подлежащим в страдательном залоге, требует переноса предлога на конец страдательной конструкции.
При переводе на русский язык необходимо восстановить структуру русского предложения и поставить перевод в начало предложения перед подлежащим:
They sent for a consultant. (Они послали за консультантом).
A consultant was sent for. (За консультантом послали).
См. также:
These articles are often referred to. (На эти статьи часто ссылаются).
This book was much spoken about. (Об этой книге много говорили).
| | SIMPLE
| CONTINUOUS
| PERFECT
|
| | Выражает обычное, постоянно повторяющееся действие
| Выражает действие, происходящее в момент речи или в определенный момент времени
| Выражает свершившееся действие к моменту речи в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем
|
| PRESENT
| be(am,are,is)+IIIф.непр.V/Ved
every day, often, usually
sometimes, seldom
Many houses are built every year.
| Be(am,are,is)+being+IIIф.V/Ved
at the moment, now, …when…
The house is being built now.
| Has
+been+IIIф.V/Ved
have
already, just, ever, yet
The house has already been built.
|
| PAST
| was
+ IIIф.непр.V/Ved
were
yesterday, last, ago
The house was built last year.
| Was
+ being + IIIф.V/Ved
were
yesterday at 3o`clock, …when…
The house was being built from Sept. till May.
| Had + been + IIIф. V/Ved
By, …when…+IIIф.V/Ved
The house had been built by Dec.
|
| FUTURE
| will + be + IIIф.V/Ved
tomorrow, next, in (a month)
The house will be built next year.
| Время в пассивном залоге
НЕ ИСПОЛЬЗУЕТСЯ
| will + have + been +
IIIф.V/Ved
By, …when…
The house will have been built by the next year.
|
