Exercise 4. Choose the correct word.
1) ……………. is the world around us, which provides for our life support requirements. a) The surroundings b) The environment c) The living conditions d) The economy 2) The growth in ……………. of transport lead to substantial costs that are borne by people, business, and society. a) air and noise pollution b) life support requirements c) raw materials d) diesel locomotives 3) In the transport sector greenhouse gas emissions have consistently risen, and current transport patterns are clearly environmentally ……………. a) sustainable b) green c) unsustainable d) yellow 4) The share of ……………. used in the transport sector varies widely from region to region and city to city. a) air pollution b) greenhouse effect c) railway engineers d) fossil fuel 5) Different modes of transport pollute the environment ……………. a) differently b) the same c) from time to time d) occasionally 6) The analysis of air pollution by different transport services in Russia shows that diesel locomotives operations at the rail yard have been determined to be a significant source of emissions of …………….. a) air pollution b) diesel particulate matter c) environmentally sustainable future d) transmission systems 7) New combustion technologies will ensure that rail diesel traction will remain more …………….. a) negative b) dangerous c) comfortable d) environmentally friendly 8) Rail transport presents challenges as society tries to ensure a more environmentally …………….. future. a) comfortable b) sustainable c) green d) positive Exercise 5. Find synonyms to the following English words.
Exercise 6. Find English equivalents to the following Russian phrases in the text.
Exercise 7. Translate the following passage into Russian. Use a dictionary. Then compare your translation with a partner to improve. Demand for transport services is expected to grow considerably as economic growth occurs in developing countries, incomes rise, the trend toward urbanization continues and as the process of globalization moves forward with expected increases in world trade. Between now and 2020, demand is forecasted to grow by 3.6 percent per year in developing countries and by 1.5 percent per year in industrialized countries. According to the Community of European Railway and Infrastructure Companies (CER) and the International Union of Railways (UIC), in EU in 2008 more than 90% of total domestic transport emissions are due to road transport. http://www.un.org/esa/gite/csd/gorham.pdf Exercise 8. Read the passage, title it and render in English. Изменение ситуации на транспортном рынке Европы показывает, что железные дороги смогли переломить негативные тенденции современности. Наглядным примером являются результаты референдума, проведенного в Швейцарии. Одобрено выделение капитальных вложений в размере 30 млрд. евро на увеличение пропускной способности железных дорог страны и существенное ускорение транзитных перевозок. Это позволит переключить большую часть трансальпийских перевозок на экологически чистый железнодорожный транспорт, а также дать европейской экономике удобный маршрут международных сообщений. Подобные инициативы будут иметь место в других странах Европы, испытывающих перегрузку путей сообщения и интенсивное загрязнение окружающей среды. При разработке бюджетной и инвестиционной политики также важно понимание стоимости разных видов транспорта с учетом таких факторов, как безопасность, экология, нагрузка на территорию. Тогда будут очевидны все преимущества железнодорожного транспорта. Железные дороги мира, № 4, 2009.
Listening and speaking
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