The Production PhaseAlthough production is the term for the entire process of making a film, Hollywood filmmakers also use it to refer to the shooting phase. The director is often involved at various stages of preproduction, but he or she is primarily responsible for overseeing the shooting and assembly phases. Within most film industries, the director is considered the single person most responsible for the look and sound of the finished film. Because of the specialized division of labour in large-scale production, the director orchestrates the contributions of several units.
1. During the preparation phase, the director has already begun to work with the set unit, or production design unit, headed by a production designer. The production designer is in charge of visualizing the film’s settings. This unit creates drawings and plans that determine the architecture and the colour schemes of the sets. Under the production designer’s supervision, an art director supervises the construction and painting of the sets. The set decorator, often someone with experience in interior decoration, modifies the sets for specific filming purposes, supervising a staff who find props and a set dresser who arranges things on the set during shooting. The costume designer is in charge of planning and executing the wardrobe for the production. Working with the production designer, a graphic artist may be assigned to produce a storyboard, a series of comic-strip-like sketches of the shots in each scene, including notations about costume, lighting, camera work, and other matters. Most directors do not demand a storyboard for every scene, but action sequences and shots using special effects or complicated camerawork tend to be storyboarded in detail. The storyboard gives the cinematography unit and the special-effects unit a preliminary sense of what the finished shots should look like.
2. During the shooting, the director will rely on what is called the director’s crew. This includes: a) The script supervisor, known in the classic studio era as a “script girl” The script supervisor is in charge of all details of continuity from shot to shot. The script supervisor keeps track of details of performers’ appearances, props, lighting, movement, camera position, and the running time of each shot. b) The first assistant director, is a jack-of-all-trades who, with the director, plans out each day’s shooting schedule and sets up each shot for the director’s approval, while keeping track of the actors, monitoring safety conditions, and keeping the energy level high. c) The second assistant director, who is the liaison among the first assistant director, the camera crew, and the electricians’ crew. d) The third assistant director, who serves as messenger for director and staff. e) The dialogue coach, who feeds performers their lines and speaks the lines of offscreen characters during shots of other performers. f) The second unit director, who films stunts, location footage, action scenes, and the like, at a distance from where principal shooting is taking place.
3. The most visible group of workers is the cast. The cast may include stars, well-known players assigned to major roles and likely to attract audiences. The cast also includes supporting players, or performers in secondary roles; minor players; and extras, those anonymous persons who pass by in the street, come together for crowd scenes, and fill distant desks in large office sets. One of the director’s major jobs is to shape the performances of the cast. Most directors will spend a
good deal of time explaining how a line or gesture should be rendered, reminding the actor of the place of this scene in the overall film, and helping the actor create a coherent performance. The first assistant director usually works with extras and takes charge of arranging crowd scenes. On some productions, there are still more specialized roles. Stunt persons will be supervised by a stunt coordinator; professional dancers will work with a choreographer. If animals join the cast, they will be handled by a wrangler.
4. Another unit of specialized labour is the photography unit. This leader is the cinematographer, also known as the director of photography, or “DP”. The cinematographer is an expert on photographic processes, lighting, and camera technique. The cinematographer consults with the director on how each scene will be lit and filmed. The cinematographer supervises: a) The camera operator, who runs the machine and who may also have assistants to load the camera, adjust and follow focus, push a dolly, and so on. b) The key grip, the person who supervises the grips. These workers carry and arrange equipment, props, and elements of the setting and lighting. c) The gaffer, the head electrician who supervises the placement and rigging of the lights. In Hollywood production the gaffer’s assistant is called the best boy.
5. Parallel to the photography unit is the sound unit. This is headed by the production recordist (also called the sound mixer). The recordist’s principal responsibility is to record dialogue during shooting. Typically the recordist will use a portable tape recorder, several sorts of microphones, and a console to balance and combine the inputs. The recordist will also attempt to tape some ambient sound when no actors are speaking. These bits of “room tone” will later be inserted to fill pauses in the dialogue. The recordist’s staff includes: a) The boom operator, who manipulates the boom microphone and conceals radio microphones on the actors. b) The “third man”, who places other microphones, lays sound cables, and is in charge of controlling ambient sound. Some productions also have a sound designer, who enters the process during the preparation phase and who, like the production designer, plans a “sonic style” appropriate for the entire film.
6. A special-effects unit is charged with preparing and executing process shots, miniatures, matte work, computer-generated graphics, and other technical shots. During the planning phase, the director and the production designer will have determined what effects will be needed, and the special-effects unit consults with the director and the cinematographer on an ongoing basis. On a contemporary production, the special-effects unit can number hundreds of workers, from puppet and model makers to specialists in digital compositing.
7. A miscellaneous unit includes a make-up staff, a costume staff, hairdressers, and drivers (who transport cast and crew.
8. During shooting, the producer is represented by a unit often called the producer’s crew. This consists of the production manager, also known as the production coordinator or the associate producer. This person will manage daily organizational business, such as arranging for meals and accommodations. A production accountant ( or production auditor) monitors expenditures, a production secretary coordinates telephone communications among units and with the producer, and production assistants (“PAs”) run errands. Newcomers to the film industry often start out working as production assistants.
c) Answer the questions: 1. Who is the most responsible for the finished film? 2. How many units does the director orchestrate? 3. Who is the head of each unit?
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