II. READING (20 points). a) Put the following words into the certain gaps

a) Put the following words into the certain gaps. There are two extra words:

a) impetus; b) torsion; c) to occur; d) engineers; e) chemistry; f) deformation; g) silicon; h) rotation; i) forces; j) fabricated; k) electronics; l) metallic.

 

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Materials Science and Technology is the study of nonmetallic as well as 1) … materials, and how they can be adapted and 2) … to meet the needs of modern technology. Using the laboratory techniques and research tools of physics, 3) …, and metallurgy, scientists are finding new ways of using plastics, ceramics, and other nonmetals in applications formerly reserved for metals.

The rapid development of semiconductors for the 4) … industry, beginning in the early 1960s, gave materials science its first major 5) …. Having discovered that nonmetallic materials such as 6) … could be made to conduct electricity in ways that metals could not scientists and 7) … devised the ways of fashioning thousands of tiny integrated circuits on a small chip of silicon. This then made it possible to miniaturize the components of electronic devices such as computers.

Engineers must know how solid materials respond to external forces, such as tension, compression, 8) …, bending, and shear. Solid materials respond to these forces by elastic 9) … (that is, the material returns to its original size and form when the external force is lifted), permanent deformation, or fracture. Time-dependent effects of external 10) … are creep and fatigue.

 

b) Define whether these sentences are true (T) or false (F):

1. External forces are fatigue and creep.

2. The first great impulse for materials science was the development of semiconductors in 1970s.

3. Thanks to the fact that silicon could be made to conduct electricity it was possible to make computers smaller.

4. A pressure causing a decrease in volume is called elastic deformation.

5. Nonmetallic as well as metallic materials in the same way can conduct electricity.

6. Scientists are finding new ways of plastics and ceramics application.

7. Engineers must know how solid materials react to external forces.

8. It became possible to place small integrated circuits on a small chip of silicon.

9. Internal forces are bending, shear, compression etc.

10. The study of materials is materials science.

Total Score – 40 points