Different metals are widely used in the machine-building industry. Metals applied for industrial purposes are called (1) “інженерні метали”. There are two groups of metals: (2) чорні and (3) кольорові metals. Non-ferrous metals are more expensive than ferrous metals. The metals most frequently used to make non-ferrous metal (4) відливки are copper, tin, zinc, lead, nickel, gold, and aluminium. Ferrous metals consist of (5) залізо combined with carbon, silicon, phosphorus and other elements. (6) Вуглець is the most important of all elements present in ferrous alloys. Ferrous metals are used in industry in two general forms: (7) сталь and (8) чавун, which differ in the quantity of carbon content. These two ferrous alloys are derived from (9) переробний чавун which is produced in a (10) доменна піч in the form of pigs. Metals are usually melted and poured into a form which is called a (11) “ (ливарна) форма ”. This process is known as (12) литво. The work of casting metals is performed in foundries. Production of castings made from different metals requires different types of melting furnaces. The (13) вагранка is usually used for melting grey iron. The air cupola and electric furnaces are used to melt the metal for making (14) ковкий iron castings. For melting steel the open-hearth, crucible or electric furnaces are used. In melting non-ferrous metals generally crucibles or electric furnaces are used. The fuels mostly employed for melting metals are coke, coal, oil and gas. Besides the different types of furnaces, different kinds of moulding sand are also required for making the moulds for different metals.
