Higher-Order Dimensions

The MANOVA indicated a significant Wilks' lambda effect [A=.723, df=3,5,855, p<.001]. Since this effect was significant, univariate ANOVAs were calculated to determine the significance of each of the three higher-order dimensional continua- Individualism Openness-to-Change and Self-Enhancement. All three ANOVAs were significant. The means, standard deviations, and F-test results of these ANOVAs are reported in Table 2. Since all ANOVAs were significant multiplec omparison tests were run for the three higher-order dimensional continua. These Duncan results are reported in Table 3. Cronbach'sa lphaw as calculated by country for each of the six dimensions that create the three dimensional continua. All twenty-four alphas exceeded the.66 level.

Individualism-Collectivism --àthe mean scores of managers from the U.S. were significantly higher than those from the other three countries. Likewise, the scores of Russian managers were significantly higher than those of the Japanese or Chinese managers, and Japanese managers scored significantly higher than their Chinese counterparts.

Openness-to-Change-Conservation -à the U.S. managers scoring significantly higher than the managers from the other three countries, and the Russian and Japanese managers scoring significantly higher than the Chinese managers.

Self-Enhancement-Self-Transcendence. -à shows how the U.S. and Russian managers grouping and the Japanese and Chinese managers also grouping, with the U.S.-Russian grouping being significantly higher on Self-Enhancement than the Japanese-Chinese grouping.