Subdimensions

The MANOVA indicated a significant Wilks' lambda effect [A=.359, df=10,5,855,p <.001. All ten univariate ANOVAs for the subdimensions were significant at the p<.001 level. The means, standard deviations and F-test results are presented in Table4. Additionally the Duncan multiplecomparison.

Power. The U.S., Russian and Chinese managers grouped to score significantly higher than Japan managers.

Achievement. The U.S. managers scored significantly higher than managers from the other three countries, while the Chinese and Japanese managers were also significantly higher than the Russian managers.

Hedonism. The U.S. managers scored significantly higher than the managers in the other three countries. Additionally, the Japanese managers also scored significantly higher than the Russian and Chinese managers.

Stimulation. The U.S. managers scored higher than their counterparts from the other three countries, while the Chinese managers also scored higher than the Japanese and Russian managers on this dimension.

Self-Direction. The U.S. managers scored significantly higher than their counterparts from the other three countries, while the Russian and Japanese managers scored significantly higher than the Chinese.

Universalism The Japanese, U.S. and Chinese managers grouped to score Significantly higher than the Russian managers.

Benevolence The Chinese and U.S. managers scored significantly higher than the Russian and Japanese managers.

Tradition The Chinese managers scored higher than the managers from the other three countries. The Japanese managers scored higher than the U.S. and Russian managers, and the U.S. managers scored higher than the Russian managers.

Conformity. The Chinese managers scored significantly higher than their counterparts from the other three countries, and the Japanese and U.S. managers scored higher than their Russian counterparts.

Security. The Chinese managers scored significantly higher than the managers from the U.S., Japan and Russia.