Ex. IV. Give English equivalents.

Средневековая Европа, системные научные подходы, сложные методы производства; массовое производство лекарств; медикаменты, применяющиеся в психиатрии, беременные женщины; взаимовыгодное сотрудничество, занимать лидирующее место; пищевые добавки; движение в защиту прав животных; изменения природы бизнеса; обвинять в чем-либо.

Ex. V. Translate the sentences from English into Russian state the functions of “ing”– forms

1. Many drugstores soon began operating throughout the medieval Islamic world and eventually medieval Europe.

2. Switzerland, Germany and Italy had particularly strong industries, with the UK and US following suit.

3. Legislation was enacted to test and approve drugs and to require appropriate labeling.

4. Declaration of Helsinki, which set standards for clinical research and demanded that subjects give their informed consent before enrolling in an experiment.

5. Pharmaceutical companies became required to prove efficacy in clinical trials before marketing drugs.

6. Legislation allowing for strong patents, to cover both the process of manufacture and the specific products, came into force in most countries.

7. Pharmaceutical manufacturing became concentrated, with a few large companies holding a dominant position throughout the world and with a few companies producing medicines within each country.

8. Drugs for heart disease and for AIDS were a feature of the 1980s, involving challenges to regulatory bodies and a faster approval process.

9. The pharmaceutical industry confronted a new business climate and new regulations, born in part from dealingwith world market forces and protests by activists in developing countries.

10. Controversies emerged around adverse effects, notably regarding Vioxx in the US, and marketing tactics.

11. Maintaining the efficient movement of more than 140 medicines in more than 300 strength and package sizes is a challenge requiring hi tech manufacturing and distribution system.

12. By focusing on immunobiology, Apotex has positioned it self to create valuable new drugs important in the treatment of many diseases and disorders.