The Formation of the Passive Voice

 

В английском языке страдательный залог образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be и формы причастия II смыслового глагола:

to be + Participle II

Форма причастия II никогда не изменяется, а показателем лица, числа и времени является вспомогательный глагол to be.

Времена группы Indefinite образуют страдательную конструкцию по формуле: be + Participle II

Времена группы Continuous образуют страдательную конструкцию по формуле: be being + Participle II

Времена группы Perfect образуют страдательную конструкцию по формуле: have been + Participle II

 

Утвердительная форма

 

	Indefinite	Continuous	Perfect
Present	I am invited you are invited he is invited she is invited it is invited we are invited they are invited	I am being invited you are being invited he is being invited she is being invited it is being invited we are being invited they are being invited	I have been invited you have been invited he has been invited she has been invited it has been invited we have been invited they have been invited
Past	I was invited you were invited he was invited she was invited it was invited we were invited they were invited	I was being invited you were being invited he was being invited she was being invited it was being invited we were being invited they were being invited	I had been invited you had been invited he had been invited she had been invited it had been invited we had been invited they had been invited
Future	I shall/will be invited you will be invited he will be invited she will be invited it will be invited we shall/will be invited they will be invited		I shall/will have been invited you will have been invited he will have been invited she will have been invited it will have been invited we shall/will have been invited they will have been invited

 

Вопросительная форма:	Отрицательная форма
Am I invited? Was I invited? Shall I be invited? Am I being invited? Was I being invited? Have I been invited? Had I been invited? Shall I have been invited?	I am not invited. I was not invited. I shall not be invited. I am not being invited. I was not being invited. I have not been invited. I had not been invited. I shall not have been invited.

Вместо формы Future Continuous, которая отсутствует, в страдательном залоге употребляется Future Indefinite:

Come at 5 o’clock. The plan will be discussed at that time. – Приходите в 5. План будет обсуждаться в это время.

 

Вместо форм Perfect Continuous употребляются формы Perfect:

The plan has been discussed for two hours. – План обсуждается уже два часа.

Возможно сочетание модальных глаголов и страдательной конструкции:

We must finish our work as soon as possible. – Мы должны закончить нашу работу как можно скорее.

Our work must be finished as soon as possible. - Наша работа должна быть закончена как можно скорее.

 

You can buy this book in any book-shop. – Вы можете купить эту книгу в любом магазине.

This book can be bought in any book-shop. – Эту книгу можно купить в любом магазине.

 

Страдательный залог в предложении употребляется тогда, когда говорящий либо не знает, кто совершает действие, либо не придает этому значения. Но если возникает необходимость назвать лицо или предмет, который совершает действие, то есть со стороны которого объект, обозначенный подлежащим, подвергается воздействию, то употребляются обороты с предлогами by (для обозначения человека, выполняющего действие) или with (для обозначения орудия, с помощью которого совершается действие):

 

This play was written by B. Shaw. - Эта пьеса была написана Б. Шоу.

The paper was cut with a knife. – Бумага была разрезана ножом.