Перекладіть словосполучення на англійську мову, складіть з ними речення 4 страница
c) stressful lifestyle d) viral infection
2. Atherosclerosis is caused by … a) bacteria and fungi b) low level of hemoglobin c) the formation of multiple plaques within the arteries d) sedentary lifestyle
3. Atherosclerosis is a… a) chronic disease b) congenital disease c) hereditary disease d) viral disease
4. The patient with atherosclerosis must get up, eat, work, and go to bed … a) at different time every day b) at the same time every day c) at any time he likes d) only when the doctor tells him to
5. The patient with the signs of atherosclerosis must sleep not less than … a) 10-11 hours b) 7-8 hours c) 5-6 hours d) 2-3 hours
6. Physical exercises must be part of the prescribed regimen for … a) people with atherosclerosis b) people with acute appendicitis c) people with myocardial infarction d) people with cholecystitis
7. The diet of the patients with atherosclerosis must contain … a) equal amounts of fats, carbohydrates and proteins b) no proteins at all c) lots of carbohydrates d) sufficient amount of proteins, but fats and carbohydrates must be taken in very limited doses
8. … are widely used in the treatment of atherosclerosis. a) Minerals b) Antibiotics c) Vitamins d) Diuretics
9. … prevent fat from accumulating in the organism. a) Barbiturates b) Pain killers c) Lipotropic substances d) Vasodilators
10. The patients with atherosclerosis are prescribed such drugs as bromide and valerian to … a) improve their general condition b) fight insomnia c) improve appetite d) stimulate central nervous system
Hypertension - Гіпертонія
Exercise 1. Learn the active vocabulary:
Exercise 2. Match the definitions with the words from active vocabulary: a) the process of growing old or maturing b) a sudden severe attack of paralysis c) characterized by much sitting d) without symptoms e) abnormally low blood pressure f) inadequate or deficient g) insistently repetitive or continuous h) abnormally elevated blood pressure i) not extreme or excessive; within due or reasonable limits
Exercise 3. Translate the word combinations: Cardiac chronic medical condition, systemic arterial blood pressure, primary hypertension, secondary hypertension, obvious medical cause, persistent hypertension, risk factors for stroke, chronic kidney failure, moderate elevation, shortened life expectancy, dietary and lifestyle changes, associated health complications, ineffective or insufficient, accelerated hypertension, direct cause, sedentary lifestyle, potassium deficiency, salt sensitivity, inherited genetic mutations, family history of hypertension.
Exercise 4. Read and translate the text: HYPERTENSION Hypertension or high blood pressure is a cardiac chronic medical condition in which the systemic arterial blood pressure is elevated. What that means is that the heart has to work harder than it should to pump the blood around the body. Blood pressure involves two measurements, systolic and diastolic. Normal blood pressure is 120/80 mm/Hg. The first figure is the systolic blood pressure, the pressure there is in the arteries when your heart is contracting. The second, or lower figure, is the diastolic blood pressure, which is the pressure in your arteries between heart beats. High blood pressure is anything above 140/90 mm/Hg. Hypertension is the opposite of hypotension. Hypertension is classified as either primary (essential) hypertension or secondary hypertension. About 90–95% of cases are categorized as " primary hypertension, " which means high blood pressure with no obvious medical cause. The remaining 5–10% of cases (Secondary hypertension) are caused by other conditions that affect the kidneys, arteries, heart or endocrine system. Persistent hypertension is one of the risk factors for stroke, myocardial infarction and heart failure, and is a leading cause of chronic kidney failure. Moderate elevation of arterial blood pressure leads to shortened life expectancy. Dietary and lifestyle changes can improve blood pressure control and decrease the risk of associated health complications, although drug treatment may prove necessary in patients for whom lifestyle changes are ineffective or insufficient. Mild to moderate essential hypertension is usually asymptomatic. Accelerated hypertension is associated with headache, drowsiness, confusion, vision disorders, nausea, and vomiting. Although no direct cause for hypertension has been identified, there are many factors such as sedentary lifestyle, smoking, stress, obesity, potassium deficiency, salt sensitivity, alcohol intake, and vitamin D deficiency that increase the risk of developing hypertension. Risk also increases with aging, some inherited genetic mutations, and having a family history of hypertension. The first line of treatment for hypertension includes some lifestyle changes: · Dietary changes · Physical exercise · Weight loss If hypertension is high enough to justify immediate use of medications, lifestyle changes are still recommended in combination with medications.
Exercise 5. Answer the questions to the text: 1) What is hypertension? 2) What is hypotension? 3) What two measurements does blood pressure involve? 4) What blood pressure is considered to be normal? 5) What is persistent hypertension a leading factor for? 6) What does moderate elevation of arterial blood pressure lead to? 7) What is accelerated hypertension associated with? 8) What increases the risk of developing hypertension? 9) What is the first line of treatment for hypertension? 10) Exercise 6. Find the translation of the following word combinations in the text: Первинна гіпертонія, виправдовувати негайне застосування ліків, стійка гіпертонія, зміни у способі життя, помірне підвищення кров’яного тиску, пряма причина, наявність гіпертонії у сім’ї, дефіцит калію, сидячий спосіб життя, фактори ризику паралічу, фізичні вправи, зміни у харчуванні, успадковані генетичні мутації, чутливість до солі, неефективний та недостатній, скорочена тривалість життя.
Exercise 7. Put questions to the underlined words: 1) The heart has to work harder to pump the blood around the body. 2) Blood pressure involves two measurements. 3) Normal blood pressure is 120/80 mm/Hg. 4) Hypertension is classified as either primary (essential) hypertension or secondary hypertension. 5) Moderate elevation of arterial blood pressure leads to shortened life expectancy. 6) Dietary and lifestyle changes can improve blood pressure control. 7) Accelerated hypertension is associated with headache, drowsiness, confusion, vision disorders, nausea, and vomiting. 8) The first line of treatment for hypertension includes some lifestyle changes. Exercise 7. Open the brackets put the verbs into the appropriate tense (Active or Passive): 1) Occupation (not to play) an important role in the etiology of hypertension. 2) Hypertension in the older age group (to associate) with loss of elasticity of the aorta and its main branches. 3) Hypertension (to be) more common in the female than in the male. 4) Hypertension (to tolerate) better during the child-bearing years in the female than hypertension in the male. 5) Lifestyle changes (to recommend) together with medications. 6) Accelerated hypertension (to associate) with headache, drowsiness, confusion, vision disorders, nausea, and vomiting. 7) Dietary and lifestyle changes (to decrease) the risk of associated health complications. 8) No direct cause for hypertension (to identify) yet.
Exercise 8. Explain the following terms in English (4-5 sentences): Hypertension, hypotension
TEST 1. Hypertension or high blood pressure is a cardiac chronic medical condition in which the systemic arterial blood pressure is... a) normal b) decreased c) elevated d) absent
2. Normal blood pressure is... a) 140/90 mm/Hg b) 120/80 mm/Hg c) 110/60 mm/Hg d) 100/50 mm/Hg
3. High blood pressure is anything above... a) 140/90 mm/Hg b) 120/80 mm/Hg c) 110/60 mm/Hg d) 100/50 mm/Hg
4. Primary hypertension means … a) high blood pressure with no obvious medical cause b) hypertension due to conditions that affect the kidneys c) hypertension due to conditions that affect arteries d) hypertension due to conditions that affect endocrine system
5. Persistent hypertension is a leading cause of… a) heart failure b) myocardial infarction c) stroke d) chronic kidney failure 6. Moderate elevation of arterial blood pressure leads to... a) death b) heart diseases c) shortened life expectancy d) kidney failure
7. Mild to moderate essential hypertension... a) is associated with headache b) is usually asymptomatic c) is associated with vision disorders d) is associated with nausea, and vomiting
8. The first line of treatment for hypertension includes … a) antibiotics b) chemotherapy c) some lifestyle changes d) surgical intervention
9. … hypertension is associated with headache, drowsiness, confusion, vision disorders, nausea, and vomiting. a) Mild b) Accelerated c) Moderate d) Primary
10. Sedentary lifestyle, smoking, stress, obesity, potassium deficiency, salt sensitivity, alcohol intake, and vitamin D deficiency increase the risk of developing... a) hypertension b) hypotension c) myocardial infarction d) atherosclerosis
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION – Інфаркт міокарду PART I
Exercise 1. Practise the pronunciation of the following words. Translate them into Ukrainian: myocardial [ι maiou'ka: diə l], attack [ə 'tæ k], blockage [blɔ kiʤ '], supply [sə 'plai], injury ['inʤ ə ri], restore [ri'stɔ: ], irreversible [ι iri'vɜ: sə bl], occur [ə 'kɜ: ], scar [ska: ], trigger ['trigə ], deprive (of) [di'praiv]
Exercise 2. What disease is described?
Exercise 3. Find the corresponding equivalents:
Exercise 4. Read and translate the following word-combinations: the death of the heart muscle, the sudden blockage of a coronary artery, to supply with, to cause injury to the heart muscle, chest pressure sensation, to be restored, to occur, to die for 6 to 8 hours, to be replaced by, physical exertion and mental overstrain, lack of physical activity.
PAY ATTENTION! ____________________________________________________________________ Active & Passive Voice The heart pumps about 5-6 litres of blood every minute. About 5-6 litres of blood are pumped by the heart every minute. Does the heart pump about 5-6 litres of blood every minute? Are about 5-6 litres of blood pumped by the heart every minute? The heart doesn’t pump about 5-6 litres of blood every minute. About 5-6 litres of blood aren’t pumped by the heart every minute. ____________________________________________________________________
Exercise 5. Re-write the sentences opening brackets and putting the verbs either in the Active or Passive Voice. Then make them negative and interrogative: 1. Shortness of breath (to cause) by physical exertion. 2. An accelerated heartbeat (to describe) as palpitation by patients. 3. Heart size (to measure) by percussion. 4. The murmurs in the heart (not to hear) by the doctor during yesterday’s examination. 5. Fever (to know) as pyrexia. 6. Patient often (to refer) to microbes as germs or bugs. 7. He (to admit) to the hospital with flu-type symptoms. 8. Tumours (to invade) tissues and then (to spread) to distant parts of the body.
Exercise 6. Read and translate the text: MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION A myocardial infarction (MI), also known as a heart attack, is the death of heart muscle from the sudden blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot. Coronary arteries are blood vessels that supply the heart muscle with blood and oxygen. Blockage of a coronary artery deprives the heart muscle of blood and oxygen, causing injury to the heart muscle. Injury to the heart muscle causes chest pain and chest pressure sensation. If blood flow is not restored to the heart muscle within 20 to 40 minutes, irreversible death of the heart muscle will begin to occur. Muscle continues to die for six to eight hours at which time the heart attack is usually “complete”. The dead heart muscle is eventually replaced by scar tissue. Causes of MI Recently, it has been determined that the high rate of heart attacks is most frequently associated with intense physical exertion and mental overstrain. Nevertheless, such diseases as coronary atherosclerosis, angina pectoris and any acute infection, e.g. pneumonia, can also trigger a myocardial infarction. Major risk factors are: age (less than 75 years for men and more than 75years for women); high blood pressure; coronary artery diseases; obesity and lack of physical activity; diabetes mellitus; cigarette smoking and heavy alcohol consumption; mental and physical stress; family history of heart diseases, especially of MI.
Exercise 7. Answer the following questions: 1. What is a myocardial infarction? 2. What is MI caused by? 3. What does the blockage of the coronary artery cause? 4. When does irreversible death of the heart muscle occur? 5. How much time does it take a heart muscle to die completely? 6. What is MI most frequently associated with? 7. What diseases may also result in a heart attack? 8. Enumerate all the risk factors for MI.
Exercise 8. Find synonyms in the text to the following words and word-combinations: obstruction, myocardial infarction, blood circulation, to happen, psychological overstrain, inflammation of the lungs, squeezing of the chest, to result in, physical exercise, elevated blood pressure.
Exercise 9. Give the English equivalents to the following word-combinations: смерть сердечного м’яза, закупорка (3 синоніма), постачати кров та кисень, пошкодження сердечного м’язу, біль в грудній клітині, відчуття тиснення, замінюватися шрамом, висока частотність сердечних нападів, часто пов’язувати з, привести до (3 синоніма), кров’яний тиск, недостатність фізичних вправ.
Exercise 10. Put questions to the underlined words: 1. A myocardial infarction is also known as a heart attack. 2. A MI means the death of heart muscle. 3. A MI is caused by the sudden blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot. 4. Coronary arteries supply the heart muscle with blood and oxygen. 5. Blockage of a coronary artery deprives the heart muscle of blood and oxygen. 6. The heart attack is usually “complete” within 6-8 hours. 7. Coronary atherosclerosis, angina pectoris, pneumonia can trigger a MI. 8. Irreversible death of the heart muscle will begin to occur in 20-40 minutes.
PART II Exercise 1. Practise the pronunciation of the following words. Find their translation: victim ['viktim], experience [ik'spiə riə ns], fullness ['fulnə s], heartburn ['ha: tbə: n], indigestion [ι indi'ʤ esʧ ə n], vague ['veig], enzyme ['enzaim], prompt ['prɔ mpt], percutaneous [ι pɜ: kju'teiniə s] підшкірний, печія, нетравлення шлунка, відчувати, швидкий, невиразний, ензим, жертва, відчуття наповненості
Exercise 2. Join the words from the two columns and translate the gained word-combinations:
Exercise 3. Read and translate the text: MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION Symptoms Although chest pain or pressure is the most common symptom of a MI, heart attack victims may experience a variety of symptoms including: fullness and squeezing sensation of the chest; shortness of breath; nausea, vomiting; sweating; heartburn and indigestion; arm pain; general malaise. Even though the symptoms of a MI at times can be vague and mild, it is important to remember that heart attacks producing no symptoms or only mild symptoms can be just as serious and life-threatening as heart attacks that cause severe chest pain. Complications Complications may occur immediately or may need time to develop. Acute complications may include heart failure if the damaged heart is no longer able to adequately pump blood around the body; aneurysm or rupture of the myocardium; arrhythmias. Longer-term complications include heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and the increased risk of a second MI. Diagnosing When there is severe chest pain, a heart attack must be suspected in the first turn. A problem arises, when the symptoms do not include chest pain. Then a heart attack may not be suspected, and the appropriate tests may not be performed. ECG will immediately show all the abnormalities in the heart activity during the acute phase. In patients with vague symptoms of MI, the diagnosis can be made only hours later through blood tests since the latter usually reveal a number of cardiac enzymes (special proteins that are released into the blood by dying heart muscle) that help confirm the diagnosis and show amount of the dead heart muscle. Treatment The most important factor in treating a heart attack is prompt medical attention. Such medications as antiplatelet, anticoagulant, clot dissolving drugs, aspirin, nitroglycerin may be administered. Percutaneous coronary intervention is recommended as well.
Exercise 4. Answer the following questions: 1. What are all possible symptoms of IM? 2. Are the symptoms always clear? 3. May complications appear after the heart attack? 4. What types of complications may MI lead to? 5. Is it difficult to make a diagnosis of MI? 6. What must be done when the symptoms of MI are vague? 7. What is the most important thing in diagnosing and treating a heart attack? 8. What may the medical treatment of a MI include?
Exercise 5. Translate the following words and word-combinations: Сильний грудний біль, найпоширеніший симптом, відчуття стискання, задишка, нудота та блювання, печія та нетравлення шлунку, загальне нездужання, неясні та загрозливі для життя симптоми, гострі та довго тривалі ускладнення, серцева недостатність, підтверджувати діагноз, швидка медична допомога. Exercise 6. What symptom is described? 1) difficulty in breathing; 2) process of eliminating fluid through the pores of the skin; 3) burning sensation beneath the breastbone caused by irritation of the esophagus; 4) feeling of unease or a mild sickness; 5) difficulty in digesting food, accompanied by abdominal pain, belching, etc.; 6) pressure in the chest; 7) abnormal sound heard through a stethoscope over the region of the heart; 8) any variation from the normal rhythm in the heartbeat.
Exercise 7. What do these medical terms mean?
Exercise 8. Define the meaning of each type of physical examination, then form the verbs from the given nouns:
Now form the verbs from the given above nouns to define the physical activity of the doctor and memorize them: e.g. examination – to examine Exercise 9. Fill in the table “Myocardial Infarction”
Exercise 10. Re-write sentences opening the brackets: Last year the patient Green, aged 65, (to admit) to the hospital with acute chest pain. He (to experience) shortness of breath and pain that (to radiate) to the left arm. The doctor immediately (to suspect) a heart attack and (to make) the patient (to take) an ECG. The diagnosis (to confirm) by the abnormal reading of the ECG. The blood analyses (to reveal) a number of cardiac enzymes. The cardiologist (to administer) his patient an adequate treatment. To relieve pain he (to give) nitroglycerin. Fortunately, the patient (not to have) any complications, because the doctor’s help (to be) prompt and thorough. Very soon patient Green’s condition (to improve).
Exercise 11. Explain the following terms: myocardial infarction myocardium chest pain arrhythmia TEST 1. What is meant by the term myocardial infarction? a) a heart failure b) a heart attack c) brain aneurism d) all variants are correct
2. During the myocardial infarction the heart muscle … a) recovers b) doesn’t change c) dies d) nothing occurs with it
3. The heart attack is caused by the sudden blockage of a coronary artery by … a) a blood clot b) an aneurism c) a cholesterol plaque
4. Blockage of a coronary artery deprives the heart muscle of … a) carbon dioxide b) water c) oxygen d) oxygen and blood
5. Injury to the heart muscle causes … a) vomiting b) chest pain c) fever d) headache
6. The dead heart muscle is eventually replaced by … tissue a) new smooth b) striated c) new epithelial d) scar
7. The high rate of heart attacks is most frequently associated with … a) gastric ulcers b) depression c) physical exertion and stress d) smoking
8. Any acute infection, e.g. pneumonia, can also … a myocardial infarction. a) trigger b) prevent c) avoid d) escape
9. Family history of … diseases are of great importance in myocardial infarction. a) nerve b) venereal c) heart d) endocrine
10. Heavy alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking greatly … to IM. a) contribute b) deprive c) prevent d) serve
11. The symptoms in MI are always … a) vague b) clear c) unnoticed d) sometimes vague, sometimes clear
12. Heart attacks producing no symptoms can be … a) life-threatening b) safe c) secure d) mild
13. Acute complications may include … a) atherosclerosis b) heart failure c) angina pectoris d) headache
14. In MI the … is done in the first turn. a) blood analysis b) X-ray c) ECG d) urine analysis
15. The blood tests usually reveal a number of … a) leukocytes b) protein c) cardiac enzymes d) pus corpuscles
16. Enzymes are released into the blood by the … a) dying heart muscle b) lungs c) liver d) endocrine glands
17. … plays the most important role in diagnosing and treating a heart attack. a) medications b) prompt medical attention c) chemotherapy d) surgery
18. Medical treatment for heart attacks may include … a) vasoconstrictors b) antibiotics c) antiplatelets d) anti-inflammatory drugs
19. … intervention is recommended as well. a) percutaneous b) intramuscular c) intravenous d) no
20. MI … leads to death. a) never b) always c) sometimes d) if not treated in time
Heart attack facts 1) A heart attack results when a blood clot completely obstructs a coronary artery supplying blood to the heart muscle and heart muscle dies.
2) The blood clot that causes the heart attack usually forms at the site of rupture of an atherosclerotic, cholesterol plaque on the inner wall of a coronary artery. The most common symptom of heart attack is chest pain.
3) The most common complications of a heart attack are heart failure and ventricular fibrillation.
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