Перекладіть словосполучення на англійську мову, складіть з ними речення 5 страница
4) The risk factors for atherosclerosis and heart attack include elevated cholesterol levels, increased blood pressure, tobacco use, diabetes, and a family history of heart attacks at any age.
5) Heart attacks are diagnosed with electrocardiograms and measurement of cardiac enzymes in blood.
6) Early reopening of blocked coronary arteries reduces the amount of damage to the heart and improves the prognosis for a heart attack.
7) Medical treatment for heart attacks may include antiplatelet, anticoagulant, and clot dissolving drugs as well as angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta blockers, and oxygen.
8) Further heart attacks can be prevented by aspirin, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, discontinuing smoking, weight reduction, exercise, good control of blood pressure and diabetes, following a low cholesterol and low saturated fat diet that is high in omega-3-fatty acids, taking multivitamins with an increased amount of folic acid, decreasing LDL cholesterol, and increasing HDL cholesterol.
9) While heart attacks can occur at any time, more heart attacks occur between 4: 00 A.M. and 10: 00 A.M. because of the higher blood levels of adrenaline released from the adrenal glands during the morning hours. Increased adrenaline, as previously discussed, may contribute to rupture of cholesterol plaques.
Diseases of the upper respiratory tract (tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis) Захворювання верхніх дихальних шляхів (тонзиліт, фарингіт, ларінгіт)
1. Topic vocabulary: On swallowing -при ковтанні Crypt - ямка Nonconfluent - незливаючи To be confined to - обмежуватися To peel away - сходити To be inflamed - бути запаленим Excessive use - надмірне використання Hoarseness - хрипіння Apparent - видимий Tickling - першіння Steam inhalation - парова інгаляція
2.Give the Ukrainian equivalents: Pain on swallowing, edematous and hyperemic tonsils, purulent exudate, nonconfluent membrane, symptomatic therapy, adequate treatment, severely inflamed mucous membrane, cervical adenopathy, frequent cause, excessive use, irritating substances, prominent symptom, severity of inflammation, apparent dyspnea, laryngeal edema, marked erythema, voice rest, to relieve discomfort
3.Translate into Ukrainian. Pay attention to the translation of the Passive Voice: 1.Tonsillitis is characterized by sore throat and pain, most marked on swallowing. 2. Tonsillectomy should be considered if acute tonsillitis repeatedly develops after adequate treatment. 3. Chronic tonsillitis may be relieved only briefly by antibiotic therapy. 4. Acute pharyngitis is frequently accompanied by acute tonsillitis. 5. Mucous membrane is covered with mucopurulent secretion. 6. The bacteria may be inhaled into the respiratory passages during contact with ill persons. 7. The pharyngeal mucous membrane may be mildly red or severely inflamed.
4. Read and translate the text: TONSILLITIS Acute inflammation of the palatine tonsils, usually due to streptococcal or, less commonly, viral infection. Tonsillitis is characterized by sore throat and pain, most marked on swallowing and often referred to the ears. High fever, malaise, headache, and vomiting are common. Diagnosis The tonsils are edematous and hyperemic. There may be a purulent exudate from the crypts and a membrane—white, thin, nonconfluent, and confined to the tonsil—that peels away without bleeding. Treatment In viral tonsillitis, symptomatic therapy is as for pharyngitis. Tonsillectomy should be considered if, despite these precautions, acute tonsillitis repeatedly develops after adequate treatment, or if chronic tonsillitis and sore throat persist or are relieved only briefly by antibiotic therapy. PHARYNGITIS Acute inflammation of the pharynx. Usually viral in origin, it may also be due to a Group A or other bacteria. It is characterized by sore throat and pain on swallowing. Differentiating viral from bacterial pharyngitis on the basis of physical examination alone is difficult. In both, the pharyngeal mucous membrane may be mildly red or severely inflamed and may be covered by a membrane and a purulent exudate. Fever, cervical adenopathy, and leukocytosis are present in both viral and streptococcal pharyngitis but may be more marked in the latter. Treatment is symptomatic and includes a diet, scald foot baths, warm compresses on the anterior part of the neck, milk with honey, steam inhalations and gargling. Antibiotic therapy is usually administered in severe forms of pharyngitis. LARYNGITIS Inflammation of the larynx. The most frequent cause of acute laryngitis is a viral URI. Laryngitis may also occur in the course of bronchitis, pneumonia, influenza, whooping cough, measles, and diphtheria. Excessive use of the voice, allergic reactions, and inhalation of irritating substances such as cigarette smoke can cause acute or chronic laryngitis. Symptoms and Signs Unnatural change of voice is usually the most prominent symptom. Hoarseness and even aphonia, together with a sensation of tickling, and a constant wish to clear the throat, may occur. Symptoms vary with the severity of the inflammation. Fever, malaise, dysphagia, and throat pain may occur in the more severe infections; dyspnea may be apparent if laryngeal edema is present. Indirect laryngoscopy discloses a mild to marked erythema of the mucous membrane that may also be edematous. Treatment There is no specific treatment for viral laryngitis. Voice rest and steam inhalations give symptomatic relief and promote resolution of acute laryngitis.
5. Answer the questions: 1. What is tonsillitis? 2. What are the symptoms of tonsillitis? 3. What kind of pharyngitis do you know? 4. What are the most frequent causes of laryngitis? 5. What are the symptoms of laryngitis? 6. What are the symptoms of pharyngitis? 7. What does the treatment of pharyngitis include?
6. Put questions to the underlined words: 1. Catarrhal condition of the throat decreases the patient's work capacity. 2. Bad teeth and chronic inflammation of the tonsils should receive timely treatment. 3. Pain is most marked on swallowing. 4. Dyspnea may be apparent if laryngeal edema is present. 5. Chronic tonsillitis is relieved only briefly by antibiotic therapy. 6. Symptoms vary with the severity of the inflammation. 7. Indirect laryngoscopy discloses marked erythema of the mucous membrane.
7. Open the brackets and put the verbs in the correct tense and voice: 1. Tonsillitis (to characterize) by sore throat and pain, often radiated to the ears. 2. If chronic tonsillitis and sore throat persist, the patient (to perform) tonsillectomy. 3. Pharyngitis (to characterize) by sore throat and pain on swallowing. 4. The most frequent cause of acute laryngitis (to be) a viral URI. 5. Symptoms (to vary) with the severity of the inflammation. 6. In tonsillitis a membrane (to peel away) without bleeding. 7. Indirect laryngoscopy (to disclose) a mild to marked erythema of the mucous membrane.
8. Give English equivalents: Біль при ковтанні, набряклі мигдалини, гнійний эксудат, симптоматична терапія, тяжке запалення слизової оболонки, часті причини, спричиняючи подразнення речовини,, суворость запалення, набряк глотки, полегшувати дискомфорт
9. Explain the following terms: Tonsillitis, Pharyngitis, Laryngitis
TEST 1. Tonsillitis, pharingytis and laryngitis are clinically similar acute... disease. a) nervous b) psychic c) allergic d) infectious
2. Tonsillitis is inflammation of the... a) larynx b) tonsils c) head d) pharynx
3. Tonsillectomy should be considered if chronic tonsillitis and sore throat persist or … only briefly by antibiotic therapy. a) is relieved b) relieve c) relieved d) are relieved
4. Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the pharynx or... throat. a) wide b) normal c) regular d) sore
5. Pharyngitis is characterized by sore throat and …. a) red tonsils b) pain on swallowing c) difficult breathing in d) allergic reaction
6. … is usually administered in severe forms of pharyngitis. a) surgical treatment b) anti-inflammatory therapy c) antibiotic therapy d) antipyretic drugs 7. Laryngitis is an inflammation of the … a) larynx b) tonsils c) head d) pharynx
8. In laryngitis indirect laryngoscopy … a mild to marked erythema of the mucous membrane. a) is disclosed b) discloses c) is disclosing d) disclosing
9. Unnatural change of … is usually the most prominent symptom in laryngitis. a) face b) oral mucosa c) tongue colour d) voice
10. There is … specific treatment for viral laryngitis. a) no b) little c) a certain kind of d) a large quantity of
DISEASES OF THE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT (bronchitis, pneumonia) Захворювання нижніх дихальних шляхів (бронхіт, пневмонія)
1. Topic vocabulary: Eventual - остаточний Debilitated - ослаблений URI = upper respiratory infection Coryza -нежить Airways – дихальні шляхи Viscid sputum – в’язке мокротіння Abundant - рясний Concomitant disease – супровідна хвороба Presumptive diagnosis – можливий діагноз Rusty sputum –мокротіння кольору іржі Specimen – зразок
2. Give the Ukrainian equivalents: Acute, self-limited inflammation; complete healing; debilitated patients; critical complication; a common cold; secondary bacterial infection; slight fever; back and muscular pain; onset of bronchitis; small amounts of viscid sputum; abundant and mucoid sputum; a severe uncomplicated case; persistent fever; airways obstruction; prolonged symptoms; oral fluids; to relieve malaise; concomitant chronic pulmonary disease; purulent sputum; the most common causes; persistent chills; additional findings; blood streaked or rusty sputum; lethal complications; poorly aerated lungs, appropriate specimen.
3. Translate into Ukrainian. Pay attention to the translation of the Passive Voice: 1. Acute infectious bronchitis is often preceded by symptoms of a URI. 2. Dyspnea may be noted secondary to the airways obstruction. 3. Oral fluids are advised during the febrile course. 4. Antibiotics are indicated when there is concomitant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 5. A chest X-ray is indicated if symptoms are serious or prolonged. 6. Pneumococcal pneumonia should be suspected in anyone with an acute febrile illness. 7. A presumptive diagnosis can be based on the history, changes on chest X-ray, culture and gram stains of appropriate specimens.
4. Read and translate the text: ACUTE BRONCHITIS Acute inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree, generally self-limited and with eventual complete healing and return of function. Though commonly mild, bronchitis may be serious in debilitated patients and those with chronic lung or heart disease. Pneumonia is a critical complication. Acute infectious bronchitis, most prevalent in winter, is often part of an acute URI. It may develop after a common cold or other viral infection of the nasopharynx, throat, or tracheobronchial tree, often with secondary bacterial infection. Acute infectious bronchitis is often preceded by symptoms of a URI: coryza, malaise, chilliness, slight fever, back and muscle pain, and sore throat. Onset of cough usually signals onset of bronchitis. The cough is initially dry and nonproductive, but small amounts of viscid sputum are raised after a few hours or days; it may later become more abundant and mucoid or mucopurulent. In a severe uncomplicated case, fever to 38.3 or 38.8 C° (101 or 102° F) may be present for up to 3 to 5 days, following which acute symptoms subside though cough may continue for several weeks. Persistent fever suggests complicating pneumonia. Dyspnea may be noted secondary to the airways obstruction. Diagnosis is usually based on the symptoms and signs, but a chest x-ray is indicated if symptoms are serious or prolonged. Rest is indicated until fever subsides. Oral fluids (up to 3 or 4 L/day) are advised during the febrile course. An antipyretic analgesic (e.g, for adults aspirin 600 mg or acetaminophen 500 mg 4 to 6 h; for children acetaminophen 10 to 15 mg/kg 4 to 6 h) relieves malaise and reduces fever. Antibiotics are indicated when there is concomitant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, when purulent sputum is present, or when high fever persists and the patient is more than mildly ill. PNEUMONIA An acute infection of lung parenchyma including alveolar spaces and interstitial tissue. The most common causes in adults are bacteria. Pneumococcal pneumonia is often preceded by a URI. The onset is often sudden with a single shaking chill; persistent chills suggest an alternative diagnosis. This is ordinarily followed by fever, pain with breathing on the involved side (pleurisy), cough, dyspnea, and sputum production. The temperature rises rapidly to 38 to 40.5° C (100.4 to 105° F); the pulse is usually 100 to 140/min; and respirations accelerate to 20 to 45/min. Additional common findings are nausea, vomiting, malaise, and myalgias. The cough may be dry initially, but usually becomes productive with purulent, blood-streaked or rusty sputum. Serious, potentially lethal complications include overwhelming sepsis, sometimes associated with the adult respiratory distress syndrome and/or septic shock. Laboratory studies usually show a leukocytosis with a shift to the left. There may be blood gas abnormalities due to perfusion of poorly aerated lung resulting in hypoxemia and respiratory alkalosis. Pneumococcal pneumonia should be suspected in anyone with an acute febrile illness associated with chest pain, dyspnea, and cough. A presumptive diagnosis can be based on the history, changes on chest x-ray, culture and Gram stains of appropriate specimens. Treatment depends on the kind of pneumonia.
5. Answer the questions: 1. What is acute bronchitis often preceded by? 2. What is bronchitis? 3. What are the symptoms of bronchitis? 4. What is the most common cause of pneumonia? 5. What is pneumonia? 6. What are the symptoms of pneumonia? 7. What are the complications of pneumonia?
6. Put questions to the underlined words: 1. Acute bronchitis may develop after a common cold. 2. Diagnosis is usually based on the symptoms and signs. 3. Oral fluids are advised during the febrile course. 4. Antibiotics are indicated when there is concomitant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 5. Persistent chills suggest an alternative diagnosis. 6. Lab studies usually show a leucocytosis with a shift to the left. 7. A diagnosis can be based on the history, changes on the chest X-ray.
7. Open the brackets and put the verbs in the correct tense and voice: 1. Rest (to indicate) until fever subsides. 2. The onset of the disease (to be) often sudden with a single shaking chill. 3. Treatment (to depend) on the kind of pneumonia. 4. Dyspnea (to note) secondary to the airways obstruction. 5. Onset of cough (to signal) onset of bronchitis. 6. The cough usually (to become) productive with purulent, blood-streaked sputum.
Exercise 8.Match the explanations with the terms.
9. Explain the following terms: Bronchitis, Pneumonia
TEST 1. What are the symptoms of acute bronchitis? a) inflammation of the abdomen, purulent sputum b) inflammation of the tonsils and throat c) general weakness, headache d) productive cough, hoarseness, chills, fever, rales in the lungs
2. Acute infectious bronchitis is most prevalent …. a) in spring b) in summer c) in autumn d) in winter
3. Diagnosis is usually based on the symptoms and signs, but a chest is indicated if symptoms are serious or prolonged. a) electrocardiogram b) x-ray c) computer tomography d) ultrasound examination
4. In bronchitis persistent fever suggests complicating. a) pharyngitis b) tonsillitis c) pneumonia d) influenza
5. Acute bronchitis usually... as a secondary infection. a) developed b) develops с) has been developing d) was developed e) is developing
6. The most common causes of pneumonia in adults are …. a) bacteria b) fungi с) viruses d) spores
7. Pneumococcal pneumonia is often preceded by a) influenza b) tonsillitis c) pleurisy d) a URI.
8.... are the classical bacterial infections of the lungs? a) what b) when c) who d) what kind of
9.... the symptoms of bronchitis and pneumonia coincide? a) does b) are с) do d) is
10. The cough may be dry initially, but usually … productive with purulent, blood-streaked or rusty sputum. a) become b) is becoming c) became d) becomes
GASTRITIS - Гастрит
Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation: Catarrh [kә ´ ta: ] Catarrhal [kә ´ ta: l] Indicreation [indis ¢ kre∫ ә n] Enteritis [entә ¢ raitis] to superadd [s(j)u: pә r¢ æ d] to supervene [s(j)u: pә ¢ vi: n] pyorrhea [ paiә ´ riә ] diminution [dimi¢ nju: ∫ ә n] lavarge [´ læ vidʒ ] favour [´ feivә ] Bicarbonate [bai 'ka: bə nə t] Sodium [soudiə m] Tumblerful ['tmblə ful] Adequate [' æ dikwə t] Anorexia [æ nə 'reksiə ]
Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:
Exercise 3. Find the stem in the following words. Point out prefixes and suffices. Excitement, scientific, triumphantly, source, aching, typhoid, cholera, disappear, survival, restless, sleepy, post-operative, doubtful, removal, midline, mucous, perfusion, curettage, avoidance, illegal, warning, blindness
Exercise 4. Form nouns from the given words with the help of the given suffices. Give some more examples of your own. Translate them into Russian.
Exercise 5. Form words with the help of negative prefixes: Comfort, advantage, appear, fortunately, eatable, dependence, ability, patience, proper, logical, regularity, reversible, solve, proper, comfort, order, depend, dramatic, desirable, connect, possible, responsible, valid.
Exercise 6. Find Ukrainian translation.
Exercise 7. Match medical terms with the proper definitions:
Exercise 8. Translate into native language paying attention to Participles. The girl standing at the door, a physician examining patients, a dying person, making physical examination, symptoms determining a disease, prescribed drugs, observed patient, performed operation, carried out analyses, attended lectures, bandaged arm, exhausted patient.
Exercise 9. Translate the word combinations into English. Ліки, що приносять полегшення; людина, яка спить; дитина, яка плаче; написана контрольна робота; вживаючи ці ліки; зроблений рентген, пом’ятаючи вказівки лікаря; поставлений діагноз; охолоджуючий ефект; пацієнт, виписаний з лікарні; спостерігаючи стан хворого; рана, яка кровоточить; зроблений рентген; пацієнт, прийнятий до лікарні; люди, які відвідують хворого у лікарні, прооперований пацієнт.
Exercise 10. Translate into native language paying attention to Participles. 1. Have you written down the name of the examined patient? 2. Everybody tried to help a moaning man. 3. Listening to the patients complaints, the physician was making notes in his case history. 4. He fell asleep exhausted by the treatment. 5. Being very ill, he couldn’t go to school. 6. The operated man was wheeled to the post-operating ward. 7. Wishing to relieve the patient’s pain, the doctor gave him an injection of a painkiller. 8. The given injection made an immediate relief.
Exercise 11. Read and translate the text: GASTRITIS Acute gastritis. Acute gastritis (catarrhal gastritis) is due to a great variety of causes. Common varieties in practice are the result of indiscretions in food or alcoholic drinks; but contaminated food, “chill" and scarlet fever in its acute stage may also induce very acute gastric catarrh. The inflammation may spread downwards to cause acute gastroenteritis. The cardinal symptom of acute gastritis is vomiting and when enteritis is superadded diarrhea also supervenes. Chronic gastritis. Chronic gastritis is regarded as an important and by no means infrequent disease. Accurate diagnosis is essential. It is important to treat this disease in as early a stage as possible, not only for the immediate disabilities which arise but still more for the serious consequences such as carcinoma, which may possibly result from it. Much of the treatment is essentially prophylactic and consists in the removal of such well-known causes as alcoholism, oral sepsis (especially pyorrhea) and deficient mastication of food (from bad habits or lack of teeth). The cardinal symptoms and signs of an established case which demand treatment are: 1. Vomiting, especially in the morning and associated always with an excessive secretion of mucus into the stomach. 2. Diminution or frequently complete absence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice. The prime causes favoring continuation of the disease having been removed, the first essential in treatment is gastric lavage carried out always before breakfast and in the severe cases at intervals during the day, before meals. Treatment by lavage is continued until improvement is manifested when its use can be gradually discontinued. If lavage is for any reason impossible, the next best substitute is the administration of a teaspoonful or more of sodium bicarbonate in a tumblerful of warm water in the morning and again before meals throughout the day. Hydrochloric acid is so commonly greatly diminished or absent in an untreated case of chronic gastritis that some effort is generally made to remedy the deficiency. It is known that after gastric lavage for some weeks the secretion of hydrochloric acid frequently returns in adequate amount. 3. Anorexia is common in chronic patients especially in the morning when there is a great excess of mucus in the stomach. Later in the day the appetite generally improves. Bad dietary habits are common in these patients. The prescribed diet should be arranged so that attractive small meals are provided at frequent intervals.
Exercise 12. Answer the following questions. 1. What causes may induce acute gastritis? 2. What may cause acute gastroenteritis? 3. What are the cardinal symptoms of acute gastritis? 4. Is it important to treat acute gastritis in as early a stage as possible? Why? 5. What does the treatment of chronic gastritis consist of? 6. What cardinal symptoms and signs of an established case demand treatment? 7. When does vomiting in chronic gastritis usually occur? 8. What acid is frequently absent in the gastric juice in chronic gastritis? 9. What is the first essential in treatment of chronic gastritis? 10. When does the secretion of hydrochloric acid frequently return to adequate amount? 11. When does anorexia occur? 12. What diet should be arranged for the patients with bad dietary habits?
Exercise 13. Complete the following sentences using the text. 1. Acute gastritis (catarrhal gastritis) is due to… 2. Common varieties in practice are the result of indiscretions in… 3. … may spread downwards to cause acute gastroenteritis. 4. The cardinal symptom of acute gastritis is … is superadded diarrhea also supervenes. … is essential. 5. Much of the treatment is essentially prophylactic and consists in the removal of such causes as … 6. Vomiting… and associated always with an excessive secretion of mucus into the stomach. 7. If lavage is impossible, the next best substitute is … in the morning and again before meals. 8. Anorexia is common in chronic patients especially in the morning …. 9. …should be arranged so that attractive small meals are provided at frequent intervals.
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