Unit IX
Before you Begin I. Answer the following questions.
1. What does the term “duct” mean? 2. What types of ducts have you read or learnt before? 3. How is each of the ducts mentioned by you designed?
II. Match the keywords with their Russian equivalents:
Reading
Read the text and highlight the ideas not mentioned in the discussion.
Supersonic Ducts
The supersonic inlet duct must operate in three speed zones: subsonic, transonic, supersonic. Although each of these speed zones needs a slightly different inlet duct design, good overhaul performance can be achieved by designing the supersonic shape with some modifications. The supersonic duct problems start when the aircraft begins to fly at or near the speed of sound. At these sonic speeds shock waves are developed which, if not controlled, will give high duct loss in pressure and airflow, and will set up vibrating conditions in the inlet duct called inlet buzz. Buzz is an airflow instability caused by the shock wave rapidly being alternately swallowed and expelled at the inlet of the duct. Air which enters the compressor section of the engine must usually be slowed to subsonic velocity, and this process should be accomplished with the least possible waste of energy. At supersonic speeds the inlet duct does the job by slowing the air with the weakest possible series or combination of shocks to minimize energy loss and temperature rise. At transonic speeds (near Mach1), the inlet duct is usually designed to keep the shock waves out of the duct. This is done by locating the inlet duct behind a spike or probe so that at airspeeds slightly above Mach 1.0 the spike will establish a normal shock (bow wave) in front of the inlet duct. This normal shock wave will produce a pressure rise and a velocity decrease to subsonic velocities before the air strikes the actual inlet duct. The inlet will then be a subsonic design behind a normal shock front. At low supersonic Mach numbers, the strength of the normal shock wave is not too great, and this type of inlet is quite practical. But at higher Mach numbers the single normal shock wave is very strong and causes a great reduction in the total pressure recovered by the duct and an excessive air temperature rise inside the duct. At slightly higher airspeeds the normal bow wave will change into an oblique shock. Since the air velocity behind an oblique shock is still supersonic, to keep the supersonic velocities out of the inlet duct, the duct will need to set up a normal shock wave at the duct inlet. The airflow is controlled so that the air velocity at the duct inlet is exactly equal to the speed of sound. At this time the duct pressure rise will be due to: 1) an oblique shock pressure rise; 2) a normal shock pressure rise; 3) a subsonic diverging section pressure rise. As the airspeed is increased, the angle of the oblique shock will be forced back by the higher air velocity until the oblique shock contacts the outer lip of the duct. When this occurs there will be a slight increase in thrust due to an increase in engine inlet pressure airflow, because the energy contained in the shock front is now enclosed within the duct and delivered to it with less pressure loss. This point is called the duct recovery point. At high Mach numbers (about 1.4 and above) the inlet duct must set up one or more oblique shocks and a normal shock. The oblique shocks will slow the supersonic velocities, the normal shock will drop the velocity to subsonic then the subsonic section will further decrease the velocity before the air enters the compressor. Each decrease in velocity will produce a pressure rise.
Post-Reading
I. Find in the text the English equivalents to the phrases:
III. a)In the text find definitions of: - buzz - duct recovery point
b) Give your own explanation of the terms: - normal shock wave - oblique shock
IV. Say if the statements are true or false. Correct the false once.
1. The supersonic duct problems start when the aircraft begins to fly at transonic speed. 2. The normal shock wave will produce a pressure rise and a velocity decrease to subsonic velocities after the air strikes the inlet duct. 3. The lower the supersonic Mach numbers, the higher the strength of the normal shock wave. 4. At higher Mach numbers the single normal shock wave is strong. 5. The duct will need to form a normal shock wave at the duct inlet to keep the supersonic velocities out of the inlet duct.
V. a) Answer the questions below:
1. In what zones must the supersonic inlet duct operate? 2. When are shock waves developed? 3. What affect is caused by shock wave appearance? 4. When is the single normal shock wave strong? 5. What is the reason of the duct pressure rise?
b) Put 3 more questions to the text. Language in Use.
I. Highlight all the prepositions in the text.
II. Distribute them into the columns according to the meaning they contain in parts A-H.
III. a) Think of an additional column and entitle it. b) Add 1-5 more examples and give their meaning using reference materials. IV. Fill in the gaps with the prepositions from the box below. Translate the sentences.
1. The starting _____ a turbojet, or any other gas-turbine engine, requires that the engine be rotated _____ a speed which will provide sufficient air fuel combustion and that the engine be accelerated _____ the point where the power developed _____ the turbine is adequate for engine self-rotation. 2. After combustion commences (light-off) the starter continuous to supply torque ______ the engine _____ engine speed reaches a predetermined level where engine is sufficient to maintain acceleration. 3. Early German engines averaged only ten hours of operation _____ failing often ______ chunks of metal flying _____ the back _____ the engine when the turbine overheated. 4. For a time some US jet engines included the ability to inject water _____ the engine to cool the compressed flow before combustion, usually during takeoff. 5. _____ most turbojet-powered aircraft, bleed air is extracted from the compressor section at various stages to perform a variety of jobs.
V. Give Russian equivalents to the following phrases:
VI. a) Combine the noun “air” with other nouns to make up new words or word combinations. b) Explain their meaning.
Speaking
Work in groups: a) Discuss the inlet duct design and its operation in three speed zones: - Group A –in subsonic - Group B – in transonic - Group C – in supersonic
b) Draw a picture of the inlet duct peculiar for each zone - Group A – for subsonic - Group B – for transonic - Group C – for supersonic
c) Work with two other partners. Share the information you have. Compare the design and operation of the inlet duct in all three zones. Make up a table.
Writing
Summarize the information given in the text. Use the key-patterns.
Unit X Noise Supression Problem. Before you Begin I. Read the abstract below and say what items are supposed to be touched upon in the text. To prove your point of view refer to the information from the abstract. Aircraft noise is defined as sound produced by any aircraft on run-up, taxiing, take off, over-flying or landing. Aircraft noise is a significant concern for approximately 100 square kilometers surrounding most major airports. Aircraft noise is the second largest (after roadway noise) source of environmental noise. While commercial aviation produces the preponderance of total aircraft noise, private aviation and military operations also play a role. It is usually measured in Decibels.
II. Scan the text and check if your predictions were correct. Reading While reading the text match the keywords with their Russian counterparts.
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Supersonic Ducts
