Joseph Mallord William TurnerThis English painter and engraver was born in London on April 23, 1775. After a sporadic elementary education Turner devoted himself to the study of art and entered the Royal Academy schools in 1789. He was elected a member of the Academy in 1802, and, as a teacher from 1808 of an Academy course in perspective, he exerted a powerful influence on the development of English landscape engraving. He travelled a great deal, especially in Italy, and found inspiration for many of his later paintings in Venice. His ardent admirer, John Ruskin, devoted some of the most eloquent passages of "Modern Painters" to a description of his work. Trained by the sound architectural draughtsman and topographical artist Thomas Malton, Jr., and developing under the influence of the great English seventeenth century landscapists, Turner extended English topographical painting beyond the antiquarian and reporting limits, transforming it into a Romantic expression of his own feelings. Graphically this took form most clearly in his hundreds of water- colours; in them spatial extent appears bathed with atmosphere and light. The effects he achieved in water-colours Turner transferred to oil painting as well. His colours, often of high intensity, retain their relative values effectively and, when coupled with accurate drawing of shapes, as in the early "Derwenter" with the "Falls of Lodore" or the late "Norham Castle— Sunrise" are kept within control by the artist. In 1807, Turner began a series of etchings and mezzotints from his own drawings, for a book to be entitled Liber Studiorum. The work, discontinued in 1820, grew out of his admiration for Claude Lorrain's Liber varietatis. Turner died at Chelsea on December 19th, 1851, regarded as the titular cofound- er, with Thomas Girtin, of English water-colour landscape painting. (From "Mozaika", No. 3, 1966) Emphatic Stress
When the speaker wants to draw special attention to a word in a sentence he makes it more prominent than the other stressed words. It is given a greater degree of force and has wider range of pitch (the High Fall, the Rise-Fall, etc.).. Such extra stress singles out the nuclear word (or words) to emphasize the attitudinal meaning. This type of sentence stress is called emphatic. EXERCISES 9. Listen carefully to the following conversational situations. Concentrate your attention on the nuclear word marked by the emphatic stress in the replies.' Verbal Context But you don't really mean to say that you couldn't love me if my name wasn't Ernest? Yes, Mr. Worthing, what have you got to say to me? Mamma! I must beg you to retire. This is no place for you. Besides, Mr. Worthing has not quite finished yet. Do you smoke? — Well, yes, I must admit I smoke. How old are you? — Twenty- nine. Well, I own a house in Belgrave Square. I was in a hand-bag — a somewhat large, black leather hand-bag, with handles to it — an ordinary hand-bag, in fact. May I ask you then what you would advise me to do? You know his brother has measles. He ought to be isolated. If you don't believe me, look for yourself. So you have done it at last. Why didn't you speak to my father yourself on the boat?
You had no right to speak to me that day on board the steamer.
Why does he help you like that?
Drill But your name is Ernest. You know what I have got to say to you. Finished what may I ask? I am glad to hear it. A man should always have an occupation of some kind. A very good age to be married at. What number in Belgrave Square? In what locality did this Mr. James or Thomas Cardew come across this ordinary hand-bag? I would strongly advise you, Mr. Worthing, to try and acquire some relations as soon as possible, and to make a definite effort to produce at any rate one parent, of either sex before the season is quite over. Most of the children here have had measles. I have got him isolated — in a kind of way. That may be your idea of isolation. I'm afraid it isn't mine. Yes, at least Cokane's done it. I didn't particularly want to talk to him. It was you who spoke to me. Of course I was only glad of the chance. Because that's the only way he can help me.
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