MASTERING ECONOMICS

MASTERING ECONOMICS

Unit 1. READING AND TRANSLATION PRACTICE

BASICS OF ECONOMICS

The study of the choices people make in an effort to sat­isfy their wants and needs is called economics. Wants and needs refer to people's desires to consume certain goods and services. In economic terms, a good is a physical object that can be purchased. A record, a house, and a car are examples of a good. A service is an action or activity done for others for a fee. Lawyers, plumbers, teachers, and taxicab drivers perform services. The term product is often used to refer to both goods and services.

The people who wish to buy goods and services are called consumers and the goods that they buy are called consumer goods. The people who make the goods and provide services that satisfy consumers' wants and needs are called producers.

Economists generally classify as needs those goods or services that are necessary for survival. Food, clothing, and shelter are considered needs. Wants are those goods or serv­ices that people consume beyond what is needed for survival.

The need for making choices arises from the problem of scarcity. Scarcity exists because people's wants and needs are greater than the resources available to satisfy them. Thus people must choose how best to use their available resources to satisfy the greatest number of wants and needs.

A resource is anything that people use to make or obtain what they want or need. Resources that can be used to pro­duce goods and services are called factors of production.

Economists usually divide these factors of production into three categories: (1) natural resources, (2) human resources, (3) capital resources. Today many economists have added technology and entrepreneurship to this list.

 

Natural Resources

Items provided by nature that can be used to produce goods and to provide services are called natural resources. Natural resources are found in/or on the earth or in the earth's atmosphere. Examples of natural resources on the earth are fertile land, vegetation, animals, and bodies of water. Minerals and petroleum are examples of natural resources that are found in the earth. Atmospheric resources include the sun, wind and rain. A natural resource is considered a factor of production only when it is used to produce goods and to provide services.

Human Resources

Anyone who works is considered a human resource. Any human effort that is exerted in production process is classi­fied as a human resource. The effort can be either physical or intellectual. Assembly-line workers, ministers, professional sports figures, physicians, store clerks, and sanitation engi­neers are all human resources.

Capital Resources

The money and capital goods that are used to produce con­sumer products are called capital resources. Capital goods include the buildings, structures, machinery, and tools that are used in the production process. Department stores, facto­ries, industrial machinery, dams, ports, wrenches, hammers, and surgical scalpels are all examples of capital goods.

Economists make an important distinction between capi­tal goods and consumer goods. Capital goods are the manu­factured resources that are used in producing finished prod­ucts. Consumer goods are the finished products - the goods and services that consumers buy.

Some products can be either capital goods or consumer goods, depending on how they are used. A bicycle purchased for persona] use is a consumer good. The same is not true when the bicycle is purchased by a New York messenger serv­ice. Because the messenger service will use the bicycle to make deliveries - to provide a service - the bicycle is consid­ered a capital good.

Technology

The use of science to create new products or more efficient ways to produce products is called technology. Technology makes the other factors of production - natural, human, and capital resources - more productive. Technological advances in the computer industry, for example, have increased effi­ciency in the workplace.

Entrepreneur ship

The risk-taking and organizational abilities involved in starting a new business or introducing a new product to con­sumers are called entrepreneurship. The goal of entrepreneur- ship is to create a new mix of the other factors of production and thereby create something of value. The entrepreneur is a per­son who attempts to start a new business or introduce a new product.

 

Exercises

Translate the following words and word combinations or find Russian equivalents.

1. to make delivery

2. wide range of goods

3. existing resources

4. necessary for survival

5. beyond what is needed for survival

6. to provide a service

7. to increase efficiency in the workplace

8. to take the risk

9. to start a new business

10. to introduce a new product

 

2* Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1. In economic terms, a good is a physical object that can be purchased.

2. The need for making choices arises from the problem of scarcity.

3. Resources that can be used to produce goods and servic­es are called factors of production.

4. A natural resource is considered a factor of produc­tion only when it is used to produce goods and to provide services.

5. Economists make an important distinction between capital goods and consumer goods.

6. Technological advances in the computer industry, for example, have increased efficiency in the workplace.

3* Fill the gaps in the sentences below with the words and expressions from the box. There are two expressions which you don't need to use.

 

producers, factors of production, human resource, technology, wants, service, capital resources, consumer goods, entrepreneur, economics

 

1. The study of the choices people make in a effort to sat­isfy their wants and needs is called _.

2. A _ is an action or activity done for others for a fee.

3. The people who make the goods and provide services that satisfy consumers' wants and needs are called _.

4 _ are those goods or services that people con­sume beyond what is needed for survival.

5. Resources that can be used to produce goods and servic­es are called _.

6. The money and capital goods that are used to produce consumer products are called _.

7. The use of science to create new products or more effi­cient ways to produce products is called_.

8. The _ is a person who attempts to start a new business or introduce a new product.

 

4* Find English equivalents for the following Russian

expressions and words.

1. движущая сила производства

2. природные богатства

3. кадры

4. выживание

5. открыть новое дело/бизнес

6. за плату

7. товары народного потребления

 

8. средства производства

9. технический прогресс

10. внедрить новый продукт

 

5* Translate the following sentences.

 

1. Термин «продукт» часто используется для названия как товаров, так и услуг.

2. Экономисты обычно классифицируют товары и услу­ги, которые необходимы для выживания, как жиз­ненно необходимые.

3. Любое человеческое усилие, прилагаемое в произ­водственном процессе, рассматривается как людские резервы.

4. Цель предпринимательства - создать новый продукт или новые факторы производства и таким образом создать что-либо, имеющее ценность.

5. Поскольку посыльный использует велосипед для до­ставки, чтобы обеспечить услуги, велосипед рассмат­ривается как средство производства.

6. Дефицит существует потому, что потребности и же­лания людей больше, чем имеющиеся в наличии ре­сурсы для их удовлетворения.

Unit 2. LISTENING

APPLYING FOR A JOB

6* Before you listen to Dialogue No 1 use Glossary to match

the words below with their definitions.

 

1.interview 2.advertisement 3.experience 4.appointment 5.qualification 6.application

a. a public notice, usually printed in a newspaper, of goods for sale or services offered; or of goods or services wanted. b. a letter of an employer asking for em­ployment. c. an office for which a person has been chosen. d. something such as a degree or a dip­loma that you get when you success­fully finish a course of study. e. a formal meeting in which someone asks you questions to find out if you are suitable for a job, course of study, etc. f. knowledge and skill gained through time spent doing a job or activity.

 

 

Essential Vocabulary

 

capital goods - основные средства, средства производства

 

capital resources - капитал компании, собственные фонды

 

consumer n – потребитель

 

consumer goods - потребительские товары, товары народного потребления

 

economics n - экономика, народное хозяйство entrepreneur п – предприниматель

 

entrepreneurship n – предпринимательство

 

factor of production - движущая сила производства

 

fee n - вознаграждение, гонорар, for a fe e - за плату

 

goods n - товар, товары

 

human resources - кадры, персонал, людские резервы

 

natural resources - природные богатства

 

need n - первостепенная необходимость, жизненная потребность

 

producer n - производитель

 

product n - продукт, продукция

 

production n - производство

 

purchase п - покупка, закупка, v - покупать закупать

 

resource n - ресурсы, возможности

 

satisfy v - удовлетворять (кого-л.; чьи-л. требования,

запросы)

 

scarcity n - нехватка, дефицит service n - оказание услуг, обслуживание

 

survival n - выживание

 

technological advances - технический прогресс

 

technology n - техника, технические и прикладные науки

 

want n - необходимость, потребность, нужда