Mechanisms of acquisition and loss of genetic information by bacterial genomes

G.B. Smirnov

The Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology RAMS, 123098 Moscow, Russia

Summary

Acquisition and deletions of microbial genomes sequences appeared to be important events in genome evolution. The balance between these processes is not always kept. As a result expansion of one genomes and reduction of others occur. Until recently the parasitic or symbiotic style of living was thought to be the prerequisite of genome reduction. Now it is obvious that the reduction of genomes took place not only in the genomes of pathogens and endosymbionts but in free living nonpathogenic microorganisms as well.

Natural selection is a doubtful reason for compactization of microbial genomes since the bacteria of closely related species living under the same or very similar selective conditions do not liable to genome reduction. Instead the acquisition of genetic material occurs in some cases. Thus parasitic and endosymbiotic styles of living could not be considered as a sole reasons for genome reduction.

The concept is putting forward, according to which the acquisition of a novel DNA sequences depends upon the polynucleotide sequence of the target site in the recipient genome. It means that the subject of selection is not the phenotypic trait encoded by the donor DNA but rather the novel DNA sequence irrespective of its coding ability. This kind of selection is designated as polynucleotide (PN)-choice. PN-choice is ample for the acquisition of a novel DNA sequences. In contrast the loss of DNA-sequences requires both PN-choice and Darwinian phenotypic selection.

It is hypothesized that the genome reduction is a phase of bi-directional process — genome «pulsation», i.e. after genome compactization the acquisition of genetic material may occur, leading to the creation of the novel genetic compositions. The genome «pulsation» as an evolutionary mechanism may be feasible only for extensively multiplying genomes.

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