ABRAHAM LINCOLNPeople of the United States regard Abraham Lincoln as one of the greatest leaders in the history of their country. He was born in the year 1809 in the American state of Kentucky, in a family of poor farmers. When it was possible, the family sent him to a local school. (1)During whole his life, however, he had less than one year of formal education. Nevertheless, through natural ability, determination, and study at home, he became one of the most learned men in the world of his time. In 1831, at the age of 22, Lincoln left the family farm to make a life of his own. (2)Success did not come quickly or easily. For a short time he was a soldier. Then he ran for political office and lost. Next he tried business and failed. (3)After his unfortunate experience with business, he decided to study law at home, and he became a successful lawyer. *In 1834 he ran for political office again. This time he was elected to the legislature of the state Illinois. (4)In 1846 Lincoln first ran for national office as a candidate for the House of Representatives of the USA. He won the election and served in Congress from 1847 to 1849, but his party did not renominated him for the second term. In 1860 the Republican Party chose him as its nominee to the United States Presidency. (5)By that time he was famous because of his position against slavery. He won the election, and was the first President from the young Republican Party. (6)Lincoln became President of the United States at the moment of the nation’s greatest crisis, when national unity was threatened because of divided opinion on the question of slavery between the southern states and the rest of the country. Despite the best efforts of Lincoln to preserve peace, war came: Civil War, the war that nearly destroyed the nation. By the end of his presidency slavery had been abolished forever in the nation. When peace came on April 9, 1865, a new happier life seemed to have begun for him and for the nation. But for Lincoln that new life did not last long. On April 14, 1865, he was shot by an assassin while sitting in a theatre with his wife. The next day he was dead - only six days after the peace. His body was sent by train for burial in the state of Illinois. At all hours of the day and night, in all kinds of weather, millions of Americans across the country stood along the rail-road tracks, waiting to pay their last respects to the man who had led them so well and who would live forever in their hearts.
2. Translate the marked (*) paragraph of the text above into Russian/Belarusian in writing.
3. Translate the following sentences into English using underlined words from the text: а) Его не избрали на второй срок. б) Несмотря на самый серьезный кризис депутатам удалось найти решение. в) Формально рабство в России было отменено в 1861 году. г) Законодательный орган страны избирается каждые 4 года. д) Политическая стабильность страны находится под угрозой. е) Профсоюз выдвинул его кандидатом в законодательное собрание. ж) Террорист произвел три выстрела, два из которых достигли цели.
4. Put questions to the numbered in the text sentences using prompts: (1) What...? Alternative question. (2) Disjunctive question. (3) When...? What...? (4) What office...? General question. (5) Why...? (6) When...?
5. Use Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Past Indefinite or Past Continuous form of the verbs in brackets: 1. We can’t go out yet. It (to rain) hard. 2. I (to be) hungry, so I (to buy) something to eat in the shop. 3. Usually she (to get up) rather late, but tomorrow morning she (to get up) very early. Her train (to leave) at 7.30 in the morning. 4. As far as I remember he (to arrive) last Sunday. 5. Look! Somebody (to climb) up the hill! 6. I (to take) shower when you (to phone) me. 7. The football match (to start) at 19.00. 8. I (not/to tell) anybody about it. 9. Tom (not/to shave) this morning because he (not/to have) time. 10. He (to smoke) a lot, about a pack a day. 11. He is still ill but he (to get) better slowly. 12. I (not/to work) this week. I (to be) on holidays. 13. She (not/to be) interested in the book because she (not/to understand) it.
6. Use the verbs can and must in the correct forms: 1... you tell me the way to the airport? 2. My English is very bad. I... have some lessons to write a test. 3. It’s my day off, so I... get up as early as usual. 4. The boy fell into the river but fortunately we... rescue him. 5. Children... be left home alone. 6.... you really introduce me to him? 7. She... cook dinner yesterday. 8. He... do it very well 10 years ago, he... do it now and he... do it in ten years, I’m sure. 9. You... type the report yourself, your secretary... do it for you. 10. We tried hard but we... persuade him. 11. You... touch that switch, it’s dangerous.
7. Insert articles where necessary: 1. … dog is... animal. 2. My sister plays... piano beautifully. 3. Tim flies... aeroplanes. He is... pilot. 4.... Radio was invented by Russian engineer Popov. 5. Wait!... room is not vacant, there are... students in there. 6. In the morning Bill received... very serious... letter from... boss. Now he is writing... reply letter. 7. I took... taxi to... station. 8. Have you got... camera? 9. What do you usually have for... dinner? 10.... earth goes round... sun.
8. Use the correct form of the adjectives: 1. I don’t play chess well now. I used to play (good) when I trained (hard). 2. This cloth is (thin) than that blue one. 3. We stayed in (cheap) hotel we could find. 4. Australia is (far) place I have ever reached. 5. This building is (beautiful) building in our town. 6. Let me introduce Mike, my (old) brother. He is (old) in our family now. He is five years (old) than me. 7. The situation was much (bad) than we expected. 8. I think (little) possible time necessary for accomplishing of this task is two hours.
TEST 1 (Variant C)
1. Read the text: MY INSTITUTE * The Belarusian Law Institute was established in 1991 as a commercial institution of higher learning. It means that the Institute does not get any finance support from the state, the only source of finance is the students’ fees. (1)The legal basis of the Institute is the National Law on Education. The Institute is headed by Rector Stephen Sokol, Professor and Doctor of Law. The Institute trains lawyers in economy, finance and international relations as well as in accounting, analysis and auditing. The top rated fields are tax and banking, and also public and private international law. (2)This year about 3000 students study at the Minsk department, and almost half of them are full-time students. Among the correspondence students there are members of the National Assembly, decision-makers at different levels of management and government. (3)The Institute had its first graduation in 1994, when 75 graduates joined law-enforcement bodies and business companies. (4)The Institute has field department offices in Mogilev, Baranovichi and Grodno. The Grodno Department was established in 1994. It trains specialists in wide sphere of law. The are about 400 full-time students and about the same number of correspondent ones. During first two years the Grodno Department had to lease premises from the technical college, but in 1996 an annex to the building of the college was built and now the Grodno Department possesses its own building comprising 4 big lecture-halls and 7 smaller rooms for practical classes. The staff of the department includes highly qualified lectures, some of them are invited from Grodno University and from Minsk Department of the Institute. (5)The Department possesses audio-visual equipment which makes the educational process more effective. The department is regularly visited by the Ministry of Education inspections and the results of these inspections are so far very good, what shows a high standard of training at the Institute. (6)The Grodno Department had its first graduation in June, 1998. The graduates work at industrial enterprises and business firms as legal advisers, at judicial offices as bailiffs and at Interior Ministry structures.
2. Translate the marked (*) paragraph from the text above in writing.
3. Using the underlined words and word combinations translate the following sentences into English: а) Студенты изучают налоговое и банковское право. б) Органы местного управления избираются каждые четыре года. в) Судебные органы страны устанавливаются конституцией. г) Исполнительная власть возглавляется Премьер-Министром. д) Мистер Холл предоставил свои владения для размещения делегатов. е) Обе стороны обеспокоены состоянием международных отношений в этом регионе.
4. Put questions to the numbered in the text sentences using prompts: 1. What...? General question. 2. How many...? Alternative question. 3. When...? 4. Disjunctive question. 5. What equipment...?
5. Use Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Past Indefinite or Past Continuous form of the verbs in brackets: 1. Excuse me, I (to wait) for a phone call. Will you page it to me, please? 2. When I (to look for) the book I (to need), I (to find) some old maps. 3. Most of the shops (to open) at 9.00 and (to close) at 19.30 every day. 4. Don’t count on me, I (to leave) for Minsk next Monday. 5. The sum of the Russian debt to foreign investors (to increase) at the moment. 6. John often (to arrange) fancy receptions. 7. I can’t attend this sitting, I (to work) with my electorate. 8. Can anybody open that door? Somebody (to knock). 9. This time last year I (to make) a tour of Europe. 10. We (to arrive) at Victoria terminal at 10.15 p.m. yesterday. 11. I (to be) very busy now: I (to build) a house. 12. While Maggi (to prepare) the room, John (to correct) his report. 13. He (to have) a country house, but he (to use) it very seldom. 14. I (to get up)very early tomorrow, because my practice (to begin) at 7.00 a. m.
6. Use the verbs can and must in the correct forms: 1. She... play the piano beautifully now, but she... play at all two years ago. 2. They... get to the camp before dark two days ago. 3. Excuse me, I... phone my mother. May I use your telephone? 4. I had a very long day yesterday. I... pass my driving test, then I... visit my tutor. 5. The talks were very difficult but they... find a compromise. 6. Don’t panic! I... do it for you in no time. 7. A collecting bank... receive all invoices in duplicate. 8. You... instruct your staff every Monday.
7. Insert articles where necessary: 1. How can I get to... post-office? 2. He likes to read... detective stories. 3. At last I received... book I have been looking for. 4. He found... telephone bill and... letter from his friend in his morning mail. 5.... English language is considered to be easier than... Russian. 6. On... way home I had to call at... bank. 7.... Telephone was invented by Alexander Bell. 8. It is... funniest book I have ever read. 9. I can’t say what is more difficult: to play... tennis or to play... violin. 10.... British respect their traditions very much. 11. Can you find... mistake in... sentence on... blackboard? 12.... Lawyers are paid much better than... teachers.
6. Use the correct form of the adjectives: 1. My boss’s office is much (large) than my flat. 2. The problem was (serious) than we expected. 3. It was (long) and (boring) speech I have ever heard. 4. He is (good) defender in criminal cases. 5. To my mind this kind of tea is (tasty) than that one. 6. It was (complicated) operation in his practice. 7. They expect (bad) development of the situation. 8. His (old) brother is four years (old) than he. 9. This item will be touched upon in (far) discussion.
TEST 1 (Variant D) 1. Read the text: CLIMATE, WEATHER AND SEASONS Everyone knows that climate has something to do with weather and seasons but though these three phenomena indeed are akin to each other, they are not quite the same things. According to the dictionary, (1)weather is a state of prevailing atmospheric conditions over a particular area or place at a specific time with reference to such natural conditions as temperature, sunshine, rain, fog, wind, etc. In other words, the weather at a place is the state of atmosphere there at a given time or over a short period. The climate of a place or a region, on the other hand, represents the average, prevailing, regular weather conditions (temperature, rainfall, wind, etc) of a place, region or area through the year. Weather is what happened in the atmosphere yesterday, or is happening today or will happen next week; climate is what has happened and can be expected to happen over the reasonably long period of time. It is the seasonal pattern of heat and cold, of sun, wind and rain, that is - or was - characteristic of a particular place or region. * A season is one or each of the four divisions of the year associated with a type of weather and beginning astronomically with the fourth week of March, June, September and December. (2)The climate of any place results from the interaction of a number of determining factors, of which the most important are latitude, distance from the sea, relief and the direction of the prevailing winds. These factors must be distinguished from the actual features of the climate, such as temperature, wind, sunshine, fog, the humidity of the air. (3)Latitudes determine the main characteristics of the climate. (4)Temperature, the most important climatic element, depends not only on the angle at which the sun’s rays strike the earth’s surface but also on the duration of daylight. The greater the angle of the sun above the horizon is, the greater the heat received is, and accordingly the length of the period between sunrise and sunset is. (5)The sea greatly modifies the climate; its waters have a higher specific heat than the rock of the land surface, and they warm up more slowly and also cool down more slowly than does the land. Consequently, in summer the land tends to be warmer than the sea, and in winter the converse is true.
2. Translate the marked (*) paragraph from the text above into Russian/Belarusian in writing.
3. Translate the following sentences into English using underlined words from the text: а) Результаты выборов оказались достаточно неожиданными. б) Показания свидетелей определили решение суда. в) Консервативная партия получила большинство мест в Парламенте. г) Члены нижней палаты парламента представляют интересы населения регионов. д) Срок полномочий Британского парламента - пять лет. е) Благополучие страны зависит от политической активности ее населения.
4. Put questions to the numbered in the text sentences using prompts: (1) What...? Disjunctive question. (2) General question. (3) Alternative question. (4) What...? (5) Why...?
5. Use Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Past Indefinite or Past Continuous form of the verbs in brackets: 1. They (to be) very tired yesterday night, so they (not/can) complete the task. 2. Mike (not/to work) this week, he (to be) on a sick leave. 3. The situation (not/to get) better to my regret. 4. He (to receive) a lot of letters from his readers. 5. John (not/to attend) the yesterday’s meeting, he (to be) ill. 6. The sitting usually (to begin) at 9.00 a.m. 7. When I (to buy) a newspaper, a man (to approach) me. 8. Mr Nill (to leave) for New-York next Friday. 9. While Julia (to make) coffee, her husband (to lay) the table. 10. You definitely (not/can) see me yesterday at 8.00 p.m. I (to fly) home from L. A. The plane (to land) only at 9.15 p.m.
6. Use the verbs can and must in the correct forms: 1. Tomorrow I... visit my aunt on the way home. She’s got a problem with her TV and she thinks I... fix it. 2. You... never leave this machine without attendance. 3. Sorry, I... contact Mr Hill yesterday. 4.... you give me a piece of advice? 5. They planned the meeting for Monday, but they... postpone it. 6. It took him plenty of time but he... restore the vandalized painting. 7. He is flying to Boston next week, so I think he... fetch the parcel straight to the chief editor. 8. I’m sure he... do it, he just didn’t want to help you.
7. Insert articles where necessary: 1. They used to make... wonderful parties at their estate. 2.... Clown appeared first in... English circus. 3. Last year he bought... house he had dreamed of. 4. His cousins live in... village. 5. Helen is looking for... job. 6.... apple... day keeps... doctor away. 7.... Computer games are very popular with... children. 8. He plays... tennis, but he is not... extra-class player. 9. Have you been dropped from... moon? 8. Use the correct form of the adjectives: 1.This material offers (little) resistance to electric current from all tested samples. 2. In Australia winters are (hot) than summers. 3. Ann is much (tall) than her brother Jim, though he is two years (old). 4. It is (picturesque) place I’ve ever visited. 5. Let me introduce my (old) brother, Nick. 6. We’re short of time. Do you know (short) possible way to the bridge? 6. The camp turned out to be much (far) than we expected. 7. You may travel by business class, but it is (expensive) than tourist class.
TEST 1 (Variant E) 1. Read the text:
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