There have been a string of bank robberies inthe local area recently» Police are investigating the crimes and making the photofits of thesuspects.

Work in pairs. Each pair should consist of a police inspector and a witness.

STEP 1. The police inspector is questioning the eye­witness to find out all the necessary details a/ the suspect's appearance,

STEP 2. Using the information obtained they make up a photofit by completing the drawings below,

 

UNIT 3. POLICE POWERS

TASK J. Read the text and translate words and expressions given in bold type in writing:

The powers of a police officer in England and Wales to stop and search, arrest and place a person under detention are contained in the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. The legislation and the code of practice set out the powers and responsibilities of officers in the investigation of offences, and the rights of citizens.

An officer is liable to disciplinary proceedings if he or she fails to comply with any provision of the codes, and evidence obtained in breach of the codes may be ruled inadmissible in court. The code must be readily available in all police stations for consultation by police officers, detained people and members of the public.

Stop and Search

A police officer in England and Wales has the power to stop and search people and vehicles if there are reasonable grounds for suspecting that he or she will find stolen goods, offensive weapons or implements that could be used for theft, burglary or other offences. The officer must, however, state and rccord the grounds for taking this action and what, if anything, was found.

The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 enables a senior police officer to authorise uniformed officers to stop and search people or vehicles for offensive weapons, dangerous implements where he or she has reasonable grounds for believing that serious incidents of violence may take place. The officer must specify the time-scale and area in which the powers are to be exercised.

Arrest

In England and Wales the police have wide powers to arrest people suspected of having committed an offence with or without a warrant issued by a court For serious offences, known as 'arrestable offences', a suspect can be arrested without a warrant. Arrestable offences are those for which five or more years* imprisonment can be imposed. This category also includes 'serious arrestable offences' such as murder, rape and kidnapping,

There is also a general arrest power for all other offences if it is impracticable or inappropriate to send out a summons to appear in court, or if the police officer has reasonable grounds for believing that arrest is necessary to prevent the person concerned from causing injury to any other person or damage to property.

Detention, Treatment and Questioning

An arrested person must be taken to a police station (if he or she is not already at one) as soon as practicable after arrest. At the station, he or she will be seen by the custody officer who

will consider the reasons for the arrest and whether there are sufficient grounds for the person to be detained. The Code of practice under the 1984 Police and Criminal Evidence Act made it clear that juveniles should not be placed in the cells. Most police stations should have a detention room for those juveniles who need to be detained. The suspect has a right to speak to an independent solicitor free of charge and to have a relative or other named person told of his or her arrest. Where a person has been arrested in connection with a serious arrestable offence, but has not yet been charged, the police may delay the exercise of these rights for up to 36 hours in the interests of the investigation if certain strict criteria are met.

A suspect may refuse to answer police questions or to give evidence in court. Changes to this so-called 'right to silence' have been made by the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 to allow courts in England and Wales to draw inferences from a defendant's refusal to answer police questions or to give information during his or her trial Reflecting this change in the law, a new form of police caution (which must precede any questions to a suspect for the purpose of obtaining evidence) is intended to ensure that people understand the possible consequences if they answer questions or stay silent.

Questions relating to an offence may not normally be put to a person after he or she has been charged with that offence or informed that he or she may be prosecuted for it.

The length of time a suspect is held in police custody before charge is strictly regulated. For lesser offences this may not exceed 24 hours. A person suspected of committing a serious arrestable offence can bo detained for up to 96 hours without charge but beyond 36 hours only if a warrant is obtained from a magistrates' court

POLICE CAUTION You do not have to say anything but it may harm your defence if you do not mention when questioned something which you later rely on in court, anything, you do say may be given in evidence. V _______________ -^J

Reviews must be made of a person's detention at regular intervals — six hours after initial detention and thereafter every nine hours as a maximum — to checlc whether the criteria for detention are still satisfied. If they are not, the person must be released immediately.

Interviews with suspected offenders at police stations must be tape-recorded when the police are investigating indictable offences and in certain other cases. The police are not precluded from taping interviews for other types of offences. The taping of interviews is regulated by a code of practice approved by Parliament, and the suspect is entitled to a copy of the tape.

A person who thinks that the grounds for detention are unlawful may apply to the High Court in England and Wales for a writ of Habeas Corpus against the person who detained him or her, requiring that person to appear before the court to justify the detention. Habeas Corpus proceedings take precedence over others. Similar procedures apply in Northern Ireland and a similar remedy is available to anyone who is unlawfully detained in Scotland.

Recognising that the use of DNA analysis has become a powerful tool in the investigation of crime, the Government has extended police powers to take body samples from suspects. The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 allows the police to take non-intimate samples without consent from anyone who is detained or convicted for a recordable offence, and to use the samples to search against existing records of convicted offenders or unsolved crimes. In time a national database will be built up.

Charging

Once there is sufficient evidence, the police have to decide whether a detained person should be charged with the offence. If there is insufficient evidence to charge, the person may be released on bail pending further enquiries by the police. The police may decide to take no further action in respect of a particular offence and to release the person. Alternatively, they may decide to issue him or her with a formal caution, which will be recorded and may be taken into account if he or she subsequently re-offends.

If charged with an offence, a person may be kept in custody if there is a risk that he or she might fail to appear in court or might interfere with the administration of justice. When no such considerations apply, the person must be released on or without bail. Where someone is detained after charge, he or she must be brought before a magistrates' court as soon as practicable. This is usually no later than the next working day.

TASK 2. Answer the following questions:

1. What are the main police powers in England and Wales?

2. In what cases can a police officer stop and search the suspect? i

3. What does the procedure of stop and search consist of?

4. What are the provisions of 1994 Criminal Justice and Public Order Act?

5. What document is necessary to carry out an arrest?

6. What are the arrestable offences?

7. When can a person be arrested without a warrant?

8. Where should the suspects be taken after arrest?

9. What rights does the arrested person have?

10. When can the exercise of these rights be delayed?

11. What is the police caution?

12. What does the right of silence consist of? What can the consequences of using this right be for the suspect?

13. How long can a person be kept in custody before being charged?

14. What is the procedure of interviewing the detained person at the police station?

15. What can a person do in case of unlawful detention?

16. What are the provisions of the Habeas Corpus Act?

17.What happens to a person after he or she has been charged?

TASK 3. Find in the text above the English equivalents for the following words and expressions:

1. задержание и досмотр

2. процессуальный кодекс

3. расследование преступлений

4. права граждан

5. преступления, в связи с которыми может быть произве­ден арест

6. судебная повестка

7. причинение ущерба / нанесение телесных повреждений

8. право не отвечать на вопросы

9. преступления, рассматриваемые по обвинительному акту

10. основания для задержания

1L расширенные полномочия полиции

12. запротоколированное, зарегистрированное преступление

13. веские / достаточные доказательства

14. полицейский участок

15. подлежать дисциплинарному взысканию

16. иметь веские /разумные основания

17. уполномочивать, давать право

18. принимать меры

19. совершать повторные правонарушения

TASK 4. Translate the following text in writing:

The Miranda Warning

"You have the right to remain silent; anything you say can be used against you....", these are the words of the Miranda warning which was created as a result of 1966 United States Supreme Court case_> Miranda v. Arizona, It. began when Ernesto Miranda was arrested at his home and taken into custody to the police station, where he was identified by a witness as the man who had kidnapped and raped a woman. Police officers took Mr. Miranda into an interrogation room and two hours later emerged with a written confession signed by Mr. Miranda that also stated that the confession was made voluntarily and with full knowledge of his legal rights, The officers, however, failed to advise Mr, Miranda that he had a right to have an attorney present

The United States Supreme Court ruled that the confession could not be used as evidence of Mr. Miranda's guilt because he was not fully advised on his legal rights, which included the right to have his attorney present. The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution states that no person can be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law. To ensure that other accused criminals are made aware of their constitutional rights, The Supreme Court ruled that a suspect who is taken into custody and interrogated must receive a warning of the following rights; the right to remain silent, that anything he says can be used against him in a court of law, that he has a right of the
presence of an attorney, and that if he can not afford an attorney, one will be appointed for him prior to any questioning if he so desires. The "Miranda warning" is now applied by law officers throughout the United States as a result of this ruling.

TASK 5. Match the following English expressions with their Russian equivalents:

 

1) credit for time in custody

2) defendant not in custody

3) detention in custody

4) escape by person in custody

5) in-custody confession

6) in-custody interrogation

7) person in custody

8) remand in custody

9) retention in custody

10) to discharge from custody

11) to keep in custody

12) to submit to custody

a) возвращение под стражу

b) дальнейшее содержание под стражей

c) передать, препроводить под стражу

d) допрос лица, находящегося под стражей

e) содержать под стражей

f) зачёт времени пребывания под стражей

g) лицо, содержащееся под стражей

h) освободить из-под стражи

i) побег из-под стражи

j) подсудимый, находящийся на свободе

к) признание, сделанное лицом, находящимся под стражей

1} содержание под стражей

 

TASK 6. Fill in the gaps in the text below with the appropriate words from the box:

Г

theft; sentence; charge; fine; fingerprints; oath; arrest; evidence; cell; court; magistrate;

handcuff; witnesses; investigate; detained; pleaded; found

A policeman was sent to_______________ the disappearance of

some property from a hotel. When he arrived, he found that the hotel staff had caught a boy in one of the rooms with a camera

and some cash. When the policeman tried to______________ the boy₃ he

became violent and the policeman had to________________ him. At the

police station the boy could not give a satisfactory explanation

for his actions and the police decided to_______________ him with the

______ of the camera and cash. They took his _{_________} _________, locked

him in a. and him overnight. The next morning

he appeared in__________ before the_________. He took an _________

and ____ not guilty. Two_____________, the owner of the property

and a member of the hotel staff, gave______________. After both sides

of the case had been heard the boy was_______________ guilty. He had

to pay a_ of £50 and he was given a______________________ of three

months in prison suspended for two years.

TASK 7. Fill in the gaps with the prepositions from the box. Some of these can be used more than once:

before; in; to; of; with

1. He's being kept__________ custody.

2. He was sentenced____________ five years.

3. She got a sentence _____ six months.

4. He was accused____________ murder.

5. She's been charged........................ theft.

6. He appeared_________ court ____________ handcuffs.

7. They were brought ___________ the judge.

TASK 8. Study the newspaper article below and discuss the problems of juvenile custody:

Boy, 15, Dies after Hanging in Police Cell

 

A fresh controversy was looming yesterday over the care of juveniles in custody when a 15-year-old boy died after being found unconscious in a police cell

The teenager was rumoured to have tried to hang himself in the cell at Hartlepool police station, although the results of a post-mortem examination conducted yesterday will not be released until today The 15-year-old had been arrested on suspicion of burglary and was found unconscious by custody officers at 3.15 p.m. on Monday. The officers resuscitated him before paramedics rushed him to the general hospital, He was put on a lif e support system but died at 1 a,m. yesterday morning.

The death will be viewed as particularly controversial because
juveniles are not supposed to be held in police cells under any circumstances. Under the 1984 Code of Practice juveniles should not be placed in the cells. "Most police stations would have a detention room for those juveniles who need to be detained. The rooms are much more spacious and less intimidating than cells and, crucially, nearer the custody officer. But juveniles are sometimes put in cells because there is nowhere else to put them", Mark Grindrod, juvenile project manager for the Howard League for Penal Reform, said. "If you have juveniles in custody you have to have particular concerns about their vulnerability, because they are particularly prone to carrying out acts which perhaps they do not fully think through. That's why we have such specific and stringent rules about interviewing and detaining juveniles, both in police stations or prisons." A juvenile should not be held in a cell before being interviewed and a decision over whether to charge him or her is reached. Once a decision to charge has been made, police can bail the young person into the care of social services, or send him or her home, pending a court appearance.

Cleveland Police voluntarily referred the case to the Police Complaints Authority.

 

TASK 9. Study the selection of newspaper articles covering shop­lifting cases. Comment on the penalties given in each case:

Let Off with a Caution

 

Fourteen-year old Jane was lucky this time, Caught by a store detective with a bottle of hair conditioner, eye-lash dye, and a copy of Hello magazine hidden in her bag, she found herself in a van being driven to the police station. Even more upset than Jane was her Mum, She was as white as a sheet when she went to collect Jane from police station, and burst into tears.

Jane says, "I was lucky. Two policemen came and looked at my home, which is very middle class and respectable. I think that's why they let me off. They even asked to see my school books."

After two years of regular shop­lifting, Jane has decided to go straight from now on. She says she did it mostly out of boredom, and not to impress her friends as a lot of youngsters do. But she feels she's grown out of it after the fright she got the other day, and has decided to look for other interests.

Yellow Fever

Roy Philips Downfall was the colour fellow. Appearing in court on shop­lifting charges, he wore a yellow parka, yellow shirt, yellow pants, and a yellow tie. It was a similar dress that drew him to the attention of the store detective at a supermarket in Oldham, England, where everything he was after had a yellow connection: lemons, jellies, mustard, cheese, three pairs of socks, and two pairs of underpants. He was given a one-month suspended sentence.

 

Shop-Lifting Celebrity

 

Anna Bronx, the well-known TV personality, was found dead in her flat in Knightsbridge this morning after taking an overdose of sleeping pills.

The tragedy occurred less than a month after she had appeared in court on a charge of shop-lifting in a department store. It was claimed that she had taken goods worth £7.30 when she was arrested outside the store. She was sentenced to a fine of £100j and was given a two- week suspended sentence.

Mrs. Bronx was for many years a well-loved personality on a popular programme, but for the last several years had withdrawn from public life and was living by herself. Friends say that they did not think she was unhappy, but that she may have been a little bored after such an active public life.

It was of course a great shock when she was arrested for shop-lifting. Local feeling was that the magistrate had been far too severe, a feeling that can only grow after this tragic incident.

 

TASK 10. Retell each story from Task 9 as if you were a Store Detective or Police Officer giving evidence in court. Use some of the Colour Idioms given below:

® to catch smb. red-handed — to catch smb. during his or her committing a crime

• to be in the red — to be broke, having no money

• to see red — to get terribly angry

• to appear out of the blue — from nowhere, unexpectedly

• in the black and white — in a very clear way

It's Interesting to Know!

To be caught red-handed means to be caught in the act of crime. The guilt of the person is usually not in doubt. If you find a burglar in your living room holding some valuables that belong to you, then that person is said to have been caught red-handed.

Red-handed connotes hands red with blood. The expression dates back to the time when it was almost impossible to prove that somebody was guilty of a crime unless the person confessed — usually under torture — or was caught in the act of committing a crime. One crime was the killing of another man's cow, sheep or pig. There was also a law which forbade the killing of the king's deer in the forests of England. If a person was caught in possession of fresh meat, this was not usually enough to prove the person's guilt. It was only when a person was caught with both a dead animal and blood on his hands that there was enough evidence for the person to be arrested and then convicted.

ROLE-PLAY

The Lure of Shop-lifting

Role play the stories above.

Act as a Police Officer who stops, searches, questions the offender and prepares a record of the case for the magistrate's court

Act as a Detained Person who is being questioned in police custody,

UNIT 4. POLICE AND THE PUBLIC

The Lasting Principles

In 1829 Sir Richard Mayne, one of the founders of Scotland Yard, wrote: "The primary object of an efficient police is the

4 — 6660

prevention of crime and detection and punishment of offenders if crime is committed. To these ends all the efforts of police must be directed. The protection of life and property, the preservation of public tranquillity, and the absence of crime, will alone prove whether those efforts have been successful and whether the objects for which the police were appointed have been attained."

In attaining these objects, much depends on the approval and co-operation of the public, and these have always been determined by the degree of esteem and respect in which the police are held. Therefore, every member of the Force must remember that it is his duty to protect and help members of the public, no less than to bring offenders to justice. Consequently, while prompt to prevent crime and arrest criminals, he must look on himself as the servant and guardian of the general public and treat all law-abiding citizens, irrespective of their race, colour, creed or social position, with unfailing patience and courtesy.

. By the use of tact and good humour the public can normally be induced to comply with directions and thus the necessity for using force is avoided. If, however, persuasion, advice or warning is found to be ineffective, a resort to force may become necessary, as it is imperative that a police officer being required to take action shall act with the firmness necessary to render it effective.

TASK L Answer the following questions:

L What are the objects of the police work according to Sir Richard Mayne?

2. How should the co-operation between the police and the public be achieved?

3. Why is the principle of police-public co-operation so important?

r

ТЛ5К 2. Read the text and translate the expressions given in bold type in writing:

Police Discipline

The police are not above the law and must act within it. A police officer is an agent of the law of the land and may be sued or prosecuted for any wrongful act committed in the performance of police duties. Officers are also subject to a disciplinary code designed to deal with abuse of police powers and maintain public confidence in police impartiality. If found guilty of breaching the code, an officer can be dismissed from the force.

Members of the public have the right to make complaints against police officers if they feel that they have been treated unfairly or improperly. In England and Wales the investigation and resolution of complaints is scrutinised by the independent Police Complaints Authority. The Authority must supervise any case involving death or serious injury and has discretion to supervise in any other case. In addition, the Authority reviews chief constables' proposals on whether disciplinary charges should be brought against an officer who has been the subject of a complaint. If the chief constable does not recommend formal disciplinary charges, the Authority may, if it disagrees with the decision, recommend and, if necessary, direct that charges be brought.

The Government aims to ensure that the quality of service provided by police forces in Britain inspires public confidence, and that the police have the active support and involvement of the communities which they serve. The police service is taking effective action to improve performance and standards. All forces in England and Wales have to consult with the communities they serve and develop policing policies to meet community demands. They have to be more open and explicit about their operations and the standards of service that they offer.

Virtually all forces have liaison departments designed Lo develop closer contact between the force and the community. These departments consist of representatives from the police, local councillors and community groups.

Particular efforts are made to develop relations with young people through greater contact with schools and their pupils.

The Government has repeatedly stated its commitment to improve relations between the police and ethnic minorities. Central guidance recommends that all police officers should receive a thorough training in community and race relations issues. Home Office and police initiatives are designed to tackle racially motivated crime and to ensure that the issue is seen as a priority by the police. Discriminatory behaviour by police officers, either to other officers or to members of the public, is an offence under the Police Discipline Code. All police forces recognise the need to recruit women and members of the ethnic minorities in order to ensure that the police represent the community. Every force has an equal opportunities policy.

TASK 3. Answer the following questions:

1. What disciplinary measures are police officers subject to?

2. What authorities supervise police conduct?

3. What helps improve police-public co-operation?

4. What is a liaison department?

5. How are race related issues tackled by the police?

TASK 4. Complete the following text with the words and expressions from the box:

misconduct; opinion polls; justice; sympathy; mob violence; failures; complaints; terrorist offence

J

Most people have a positive attitude to the police, and

_________________ have indicated that there is much public

__________ with men and women who have to deal with

_______________. There is a formal system through which

___________ of police behaviour may be investigated, but in the

late 1990s it was found that these procedures had not prevented

some serious__________________ in the¹ system of administering

, Some Irish people had been convicted of a______________

on the basis of confessions which had been improperly

extracted from them, and the truth was discovered only after they had spent several years in prison. There were other cases too in which there were grounds for suspecting that the police had persuaded people to confess to crimes which they had not committed. Some other inquiries revealed more cases of _________ by the police.

TASK 5. Fill in the gaps with the prepositions from the box:

from; to; with; to; of

What is your attitude ___________ the problem of crime

prevention?

2. All the sympathies of the jury were _____ the defendant

3. Finally the criminal was convicted___________ a violent assault

4. The detective took pains to extract information________________

the eye-witness.

5, After a long questioning the suspect had to confess committing a robbery.

TASK 6, Read the following newspaper article and point out the public attitude towards the poizce:

The PC with the Golden Handcuffs

 

The hiding places are running out

for crooks on PC Peter Hilton's

patch. He has made an incredible

287 arrests in U months. In a crime-

bustling blitz in Eccles, Salford,

villains have been pinched for

offences including burglary, car

theft, possession of drugs, assault

and drink-driving, i

Now PC Hilton has been honoured for his devotion to public service _r with a commendation from Greater Manchester Chief Constable David Wilmot. Mr. Willmot said it was unusual for an officer to receive an award for the number of arrests he had made rather than an individual act.

PC Hilton said modestly: "I've just been lucky, I've been in the right place at the right time. Teamwork with colleagues has also played a big part. Landing the crime-ridden Eccles beat has also helped. "

The constable said that after ten years in the force he "tended to know the short cuts crooks take and also what to look for". He added: "It's all about knowing their

TASK 7. Translate the following article above;

behaviour patterns." He said colleagues jokingly called him Pete Lockup, and even the crooks managed a smile as he slipped on the handcuffs. "When I pull up in the car they say- "Oh, no! It's PC Hilton again". I get on all right with some of them — it's OK if they've done nothing wrong."

 

The constable, who spent eight years on the beat in Bury, has also received three Chief Superintendent's commendations and a citation of merit from the Chief Constable for disarming a gunman. His wife Joanne said: 'I'm very proud of him."

words and expressions from the

 

commendation

2. crime-bustling blitz

3. crook

4. PC Peter Hilton's patch

5. Pete Lockup

6. teamwork with colleagues

7. to land the crime-ridden beat

8. to pinch

9. to receive a citation of merit

10. to take short cuts

TASK 8, Find in the article above the English equivalents for the following words and expressions:

1. укрытие

2. произвести арест

3. злодей

4. угон автомобиля

5. хранение наркотиков

6. нападение

7. вождение в нетрезвом состоянии

8. быть представленным: к награде

9. разоружить преступника

TASK 9. Answer the following questions;

1. What offences does Pete Hilton deal with?

2. What is unusual about his reward?

3. What helps Pete in his work?

TASK 10, Read the following newspaper article and point out the public attitude towards the police:

£220,000 for Victim of Police Assault

 

A hairdresser won £220,000 damages yesterday after a jury found that he was assaulted by police and wrongfully arrested. This happened after counsel for Din Zung, 32, urged the jury to send a clear message that the public would no longer stand for "lying, bullying, racism and perjury" by the Metropolitan Police. -

Central London County Court was told that police went to Mr. Zung's

COUNSEL for (the party) — here same as BARRISTER (UK) — a lawyer who has the right to plead as an advocate in a superior court

V_________________________ /

home over a dispute involving a leaking roof. Mr. Zung was arrested after refusing to allow officers in without a warrant. Akmal Khan, his solicitor, said his client's arras were twisted behind his back and he was

SOLICITOR (UK) — a qualified lawyer who advises clients, represents them in the lower courts and prepares cases for barristers to try in higher courts

I____________________ /

handcuffed. "They punched and kicked him in.the van and he was kicked in the kidneys". Another policeman used his back as a footstool and the driver turned round and insulted him verbally saying he had got no more than he deserved. The charge officer told him, 'Tve never arrested a Chink before" When he was released at 11 p.m. that night they threw him into the street in just jeans and flip-flops, "He had to walk two miles home,¹¹ Mr. Khan said..

When Mr. Zung arrived home, the front door was open and his stereo and other property had been stolen. Doctors found extensive bruising to his back and kidneys and he was passing blood.

Mr. Zung made a formal complaint to the Police Complaints Authority, Despite a police surgeon confirming the injuries, the complaint was rejected and he decided to sue.

.Ben Emmerson, counsel for Mr. Zung, urged the jury to send a strong message to Sir Paul Condon by awarding damages that would hit his budget. ^uIn this case a small award would be regarded as a victory by the officers/'

A statement issued on behalf of Sir PauU the Metropolitan Police Commissioner, said; "We believe the award to be excessive and we are going to appeal against the size of the award but not the verdict."

The Metropolitan Police said no action would he taken against the constables involved: Christopher Smith, Andrew Morris and Bob

Davtes,

In a separate case at the same court Terence Wilkinson, 27, was awarded £64,000 damages. He had accused other officers from the same area of wrongful arrest and assault, false imprisonment and malicious prosecution.

 

TASK 11. Translate the following words and expressions from the article above:

L bullying

2. charge officer

3. false imprisonment

4. malicious prosecution

5. award

6. to be wrongfully arrested

7. to appeal against the verdict

8. to make a complaint

9. to reject a complaint

10. to steal property

11. to take an action against smb.

12. to win damages

TASK 12. Find in the article above the English equivalents for the following words and expressions:

1. лжесвидетельство

2. ордер на арест

3. телесные повреждения

4. надеть наручники

5. наносить словесные оскорбления

6. предъявлять иск

TASK 13. Answer the following questions:

What did Mr.Zung's case against Metropolitan Police consist of?

What were the circumstances of Mr. Zung's arrest?

How did the Police Authority react to Mr. Zung's formal complaint?

What were Mr. Zung's further actions?

What were the formal grounds for filing the case?

Why was the amount of the award so important for Mr. Zung's counsel?

What actions will be taken against the police officers involved?

/ \

CREATIVE WRITING

Study the Manifesto of the U,S. citizens against police brutality. Compile a similar Manifesto on behalf of the British public using the facts from the previous article.

______________________________________________________ _______________________________ 4

US Public Manifesto

Instead of protecting the public, police departments around the country are waging a campaign of violence and intimidation against the people in our communities. In cities across the country,

police kill unarmed people every month, yet the officers are rarely disciplined. In New Orleans and Philadelphia, police were caught fabricating evidence and filing false reports in thousands of cases, in New York recently, undercover cops shot an unarmed black man 15 times, Police brutality is caught on videotapes.

Bast a Yal This is too muchI The U.S. locks up a higher percentage of its people than any other country in the world. Jails are being built instead of schools and hospitals^ and politicians are promising to put more cops on the street and pass more fascist iazos to put more people in jail. But who will protect us from the system?

Who will protect the people being routinely brutalized for being the wrong colour or being homeless or poor? Who will protect our youth who are arrested and jailed, by cops for how they look and dress? ITS UP TO US TO STOP THE EPIDEMIC OF POLICE ABUSE AND VIOLENCE!

Today, as politicians push anti-crime propaganda and laws, and anti-civil rights initiatives, we can strike a note of truth if we raise our voices loud enough and bring into streets a message that cannot be ignored. We are calling on people of all races and backgrounds to stand up and say that we will no longer put up with all this.

JOIN US IN MAKING THIS DAY A POWERFUL REALITY! -------------------------- - ■■.............. ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------ "

ROLE-PLA Г Good or Evil?

Role play the press conference on the principles of police ethics; Participants'

Peter Hilton — the honourable PC

Jack Gorilla — a crook from PC Hilton's patch

Ben Emmerson ~ the defence counsel

Andrew Morris and Bob Davies — the ^leviV policemen

The rest of the class are journalists who are free to ask questions ♦ Make sure that different views are expressed. Use the information given in the Unit.

UNIT 5, SCOTLAND YARD The History of Scotland Yard

The task of organising and designing the 'New Police¹ was placed in the hands of Colonel Charles Rowan and Sir Richard Mayne. These two Commissioners occupied a private house at 4, Whitehall Palace, the back of which opened on to a courtyard, which had been the site of a residence owned by the Kings of Scotland and known as 'Scotland Yard'. Since the place was used as a police station, the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police became known as Scotland Yard.

These headquarters were removed in 1890 to premises on the Victoria Embankment and became known as 'New Scotland Yard'; but in 1967, because of the need for a larger and more modern headquarters building, a further removal took place to the present site at Victoria Street (10 Broadway), which is also known as 'New Scotland Yard⁷,

The Force suffered many trials and difficulties in overcoming public hostility and opposition. But, by their devotion to duty and constant readiness to give help and advice coupled with kindliness and good humour, they eventually gained the approval and trust of the public. This achievement has been fostered and steadily maintained throughout the history of the Force, so tha t today its relationship with the public is established on the firmest foundation of mutual respect and confidence.

TASK 1. Answer the following questions;

1. Who was responsible for organising and designing the 'New Police*? '

2. Why did the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police become known as Scotland Yard?

3. What is 'New Scotland Yard' and where is it currently located?

4. What difficulties in relations with the public did the force suffer?

5. What is the main principle of the Force's relationship with the public?

TASK 2, Find in the text above the English equivalents for the following words and expressions:

1. главное полицейское управление

2. Столичная полиция

3. комиссар полиции

4. претерпевать невзгоды

5. преодолеть враждебное отношение

6. завоевать доверие общественности

7. на основе взаимного уважения

TASK 3, Fill in the gaps in the text below with the appropriate words from the previous text:

Scotland Yard is a popular name for the_____________________ of

London's Metropolitan Police Force, and especially its Criminal Investigation Department. The name is derived from a small area where the headquarters was situated from 1829 to 1890. The area,

in turn, was named after the____________ of Scottish kings in London.

The custom of referring to the headquarters as ______________________

began soon after the_____________ was reorganised by the British

statesman Sir Robert Peel in 1829. The headquarters was moved in 1890 to new buildings erected on the Thames Embankment,

which were known as. _______ ^__________, In 1967 the

present headquarters, a modern 20-storey building situated near the Houses of Parliament, was opened

TASK 4> Read the text and translate the sentences given in bold type in writing:

Scotland Yard

At first the new police force encountered little cooperation from the public, and when Scotland Yard stationed its first plainclothes police agents on duty in 1842, there was a public outcry against these 'spies'. The police force had gradually won the trust of the London public by the time Scotland Yard set up its Criminal Investigation Department (CID) in 1878. The CID was a small force of plainclothes detectives who gathered information on criminal activities. The CID was subsequently built up into the efficient investigative force that it now constitutes. It presently employs more than 1,000 detectives.

The area supervised by the London Metropolitan Police includes all of Greater London with the exception of the City of London, which has its own separate police force. The Metropolitan Police's duties are the detection and prevention of crime, the preservation of public order, the supervision of road traffic and the licensing of public vehicles, and the organisation of civil defence in case of emergency.

The administrative head of Scotland Yard is the commissioner, who is appointed by the Crown on the recommendation of the Home Secretary. Beneath the commissioner are a deputy commissioner and four assistant commissioners, each of the latter being in charge of one of Scotland Yard's four departments; administration, traffic and transport, criminal investigation (the CID), and police recruitment and training. The CID deals with all aspects of criminal investigation and comprises the criminal records office, fingerprint and photography sections, the company fraud squad, a highly mobile police unit known as the flying' squad, the metropolitan police laboratory, and the detective-training school.

Scotland Yard keeps extensive files on all known criminals in the United Kingdom» It also has a special branch of police who guard visiting dignitaries, royalty, and statesmen. Finally, Scotland Yard is responsible for maintaining links between British law-enforcement agencies and Interpol, Although Scotland Yard's responsibility is limited to metropolitan London, its assistance is often sought by police in other parts of England, particularly with regard to difficult cases. The Yard also assists in the training of police personnel in the countries of the Commonwealth,

TASK 5. Answer the following questions:

1. What was the public sentiment about the first Scotland Yard plainclothes police agents?

2. When did Scotland Yard set up its Criminal Investigation Department?

3. What were the CID's initial duties?

4. What is the CID nowadays?

5. Which parts of London are covered by the Metropolitan Police?

6. What are the Metropolitan Police's duties?

7. Who is the administrative head of Scotland Yard?

8. What is the structure of the CID?

9. What assistance does The Yard render to the countries of the Commonwealth?

TASK 6. Find in the text above the English equivalents for the following words and expressions:

1. 'Большой' Лондон

2. правоохранительные органы

3. отдел регистрации преступлений и преступников

4. 'летучий отряд'

5. чрезвычайное положение

6. пребывание на службе

7. министр внутренних дел

8. Департамент уголовного розыска

9. выдача водительских удостоверений

10. отдел по борьбе с мошенничеством И. полицейский в штатском

12. преступная деятельность

13. завоевать доверие

14. быть назначенным королевой

15. направлять на место работы

16. собирать сведения

TASK 7. Fill in the gaps in the text below with the words and expressions from the box:

Г ^— " ~ ¹—'—^

guards; tap; armoured vehicles; bullet-proof; kidnappers;

couriers; bug; security firm; private detectives

'Sherlock and Holmes' is a___________________ which offers a

complete range of security services. We have_________________

with special____________ windows to transport money and other

valuable items. We can supply trained ____ to protect exhibits at art shows and jewellery displays. We can advise you if you

think someone is trying to___________ your phone or ____ your

private conversations at home or in the office with hidden

microphones. We have ex-policemen whom you can hire as____________

______ and special___________ to deliver your valuable parcels

anywhere in the world. We can protect you or your children against possible.

CREATIVE WRITING

Using the information and vocabulary from the Unit compile an advertisement of:

• a private detective «a bodyguard

• a detective-training school

TASK 8. Render the following text into English using the information and vocabulary from the texts above. Pay special attention to the words and expressions given in bold type:

Из истории Скотланд Ярда

В 1829 году первые лондонские комиссары полиции Майн и Роуэн организовали главное полицейское управление в помещении дворца Уайтхолл, в котором раньше останавливались шотландские короли при посещении Лондона. Отсюда и происходит название анг­лийской уголовной полиции — Скотланд Ярд.

Англия столетиями не имела ни общественных обвинителей, ни настоящей полиции. Поддержание порядка и охрана собствен­ности считались делом самих граждан, Но никто не хотел этим за­ниматься. Англичане предпочитали за деньги нанимать людей для охраны порядка. Каждый мог задержать преступника, привести его к мировому судье и предъявить обвинение. Если обвиняемого осуждали, то задержавший получал вознаграждение, что часто вы­зывало месть сообщников осужденного.

В 1828 году в Лондоне существовали целые районы, где об­воровывали даже днем. На 822 жителя приходился один преступ­ник. Около 30 ООО человек существовали исключительно за счет гра­бежей и воровства. Ситуация была столь серьезна, что министр внутренних дел Сэр Роберт Пил решил наконец создать полицию вопреки общественному мнению. Эта инициатива привела к горя­чим дебатам в Парламенте. Но в конце концов полиция обеспечила безопасность на улицах Лондона и завоевала доверие общества.

Just for Fun

The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), the FBI, and the CIA are all trying to prove that they are the best at apprehending criminals. The President decides to give them a test. He releases a rabbit into a forest and each of them has to catch it,

The CIA goes in. They place animal informants throughout the forest They question all plant and mineral witnesses. After three months of extensive investigations they conclude that rabbits do not exist

The FBI goes in. After two weeks with no leads they burn the forest, killing everything in it, including the rabbit, and they make no apologies.

The LAPD goes in. They come out two hours later With a badly beaten bear. The bear is yelling: "Okay! Okay! I'm a rabbit! I'm a rabbit!".

UNIT 6, POLICE TECHNIQUES The UK Forensic Science Service

The Forensic Science Service (FSS) serves the administration of justice in England and Wales Ъу providing scientific support in the investigation of crimc, and by giving evidence to courts. Its customers include the police, the Crown Prosecution Service, coroners and defence solicitors.

 

In February 1995 the UK government announced that the FSS would merge with the Metropolitan Police Forensic Science Laboratory to form a single agency serving ail police forces in England and Wales through seven regional operational laboratories.

Scientific expertise is available on a case-by-case basis to law enforcement agencies and attorneys. The Service provides assistance to home and overseas police forces in the investigation of.many crimes, particularly fires where arson is suspected, cases involving DNA profiling and offences involving the use of firearms. The scientists have a wide range of experience in fire- scene examination, including fatal fires in domestic premises, large industrial fires and vehicle fires,

DNA profiling is a revolutionary scientific testing process which can positively identify an individual from a specimen of blood, semen, hair roots or tissue. Its application to crime specimens represents the greatest advance in forensic science in decades. The vast potential of DNA profiling is recognised by the police and the legal profession, and its use in criminal investigation has increased.

The Forensic Science Service provides advice on firearms and related matters and assistance in the investigation of shooting incidents. When presented with a suspect weapon, the expert is able to establish whether or not it was the weapon used in a crime. Experts are particularly adept in the microscopic examination of spent bullets and cartridge cases. They have access to a world-famous computer-based information systems relating to thousands of firearms.

The Service offers training to overseas scientists which is of a general nature or is aimed at specific techniques such as DNA profiling or examination of firearms and documents. Training is provided on note taking, searching, report writing and expert witness appearances in court. Contact is maintained with other institutions and universities in Britain and other countries.

TASK 2. Answer the following questions:

1. What functions does the Forensic Science Service exercise?

2. What are the FSS customers?

3. What assistance does the FSS provide to police forces in criminal investigation?

4. Why is DNA profiling a revolutionary testing process?

5. How does examination of firearms and related matters help investigate crime?

6. What does the course of scientists' training consist of?

/

TASK 2. Explain the meaning of the following words and expressions and use them in sentences of your own:

1. fatal fire in domestic premises

2. industrial fire

3. vehicle fire

4. fire-scene examination

5. investigation of shooting incidents

6. forensic science

7. on a case-by-case basis

8. crime specimen

9. DNA profiling

10. expert witness

TASK 3. Render the following newspaper article into English paying special attention to the words and expressions given in bold type. Consult the text in Task i.

Корреспондент одной из московских газет взял интервью у заместителя комиссара Скотланд Ярда, который курирует особое подразделение по борьбе с терроризмом, а также вопросы нацио­нальной безопасности и уголовного розыска.

 

— Сколько офицеров служит в лондонской полиции?

— 28 тысяч, (Для справки: в Мос­кве несут службу свыше 70 тысяч сотрудников милиции,}

— Сколько вооруженных столк­новений происходит в среднем в течение года?

— В прошлом году возникло 1621 столкновение, стреляли дважды, один раз — со смертельным исхо­дом.

— В состоянии ли главное поли­цейское управление обеспечить быстрое реагирование на вызов полиции?

— Мы реагируем на звонки со­гласно их первостепенной важнос­ти. Если есть пострадавшие, пат­руль прибывает спустя несколько минут после поступления вызова на пульт диспетчерской системы Скотланд Ярда. Это позволяет на­править на место происшествия ближайший дежурный патруль.

— Вооружена ли Столичная По­лиция?

— Лондонская полиция не воору­жена. Однако в городе круглосу­точно действует специальный пат­руль на бронированных высоко­скоростных машинах. В состав этого патруля входят 3 вооружен­ных офицера полиции. Полицейс­кие машины оснащены компью­терными дисплеями, так что ин­формация о личности подозревае­мого сразу же поступает к опера­тивным работникам,

-— Какие достижения техничес­кого прогресса использует Сто­личная Полиция в расследовании преступлений?

— Например, мы используем ска­нирующий электронный микрос­коп для исследования улик, най­денных на месте преступления, которые впоследствии могут пос­лужить вещественными доказа­тельствами, таких как отпечатки пальцев, фрагменты колсного и во­лосяного покрова. Если не сущест­вует специализированной эксперт- н ой мет о дики (ext en si v e investigative techniques), в каждом отдельном случае обращаются к гражданским специалистам и про­водится узкоспециальная работа (to resort to sophisticated job). По­лиция также пользуется резуль­татами исследований ДНК, по

этим результатам можно получить очень дороги, поэтому к ним при- массу информации. Однако, лабо- бегают лишь в наиболее сложных раторные методы исследования случаях.

TASK 4. Read the following text and translate the sentences given in hold type in writing:

Police Technology in the USA

Requests for police services are generally transmitted to headquarters by telephone and then by radio to officers in the field. Police have long operated on the theory that fast response time results in more arrests and less risk or injury to victims. The current trend is toward handling calls by priority, with emergency response reserved for cases involving an injured party or those in which a reasonable chance exists to prevent a crime or make an arrest at the scene. Modern computer-assisted dispatching systems permit automatic selection of the nearest officer in service. In some cities, officers can receive messages displayed on computer terminals in their cars, without voice communication from headquarters. An officer, for example, can key in the license number of a suspect car and receive an immediate response from the computer as to the status of the car and the owner's identity.

An increasing number of agencies are now using computers to link crime patterns with certain suspects. Fingerprints found at crime scenes can be electronically compared with fingerprint files.

In recent years technological advances have been made in such areas as voice identification, use of the scanning electron microscope, and blood testing which is an important tool because only 2 persons in 70,000 have identical blood characteristics. Some of the new laboratory techniques, although highly effective, arc extremely expensive, so their use is limited to the most challenging cases.

TASK 5. Answer the following questions:

1, What are the current trends in police work in the USA?

2. What cases are handled by priority under the new approach?

3. How do computers assist in police work?

4. What technological advances have been made in iaw-and- order campaign?

5. Why is blood testing an important tool in crime detection?

TASK 6. Find in the text above the English equivalents for the following words and expressions:

L пострадавшая сторона

2. предотвратить преступление

3. осуществить арест на месте преступления

4. отпечатки пальцев

5. быстрое реагирование

6. печатать, вводить с клавиатуры

7. технический прогресс

TASK 7. Render the following text into English paying special attention to the luords and expressions given in bold type:

Большое число расследований уголовных преступлений, ведущихся американскими правоохранительными органами, вынудило ФБР приступить к созданию новой криминалисти­ческой лаборатории. Лаборатория будет оснащена новейшим оборудованием для баллистической, химической, судебно-ме- дицинской и других видов экспертизы, необходимых для рас­следования различных преступлений.

Лаборатория ФБР, которая находится в Вашингтоне, на протяжении многих лет остается крупнейшей и лучшей в стране. Однако в последнее время она не справляется с огром­ным потоком заданий, поступающих не только от головного ве­домст