Instructions for Justices of the Peace in The 16,hand 17lh Century England Relating to Witches
1. Conjuration, or Invocation of any evil Spirit, for any intent, or to be counselling, or aiding thereto, is Felony without benefit of Clergy. 2. To consult) entertain, employ, feed, or reward any evil Spirit, to or for any intent or purpose, is Felony in such offenders, their aiders and counsellors. 3. To take up any dead body, or any part thereof, to be employed or used En any manner of Witchcraft, is Felony in such offenders, their aiders and counsellors. 4. Also to use or practice Witchcrafts, Enchantment, Charm, or Sorcery, whereby any person shall be killed, pinned, or lamed in any part of their body, or to be counselling or aiding thereto, is Felony. By the ancient common law such offenders were to be burned. Now against these Witches, (being the most cruel, revengeful, and bloody of all the rest) the Justices of Peace may not always expect direct evidence, seeing all their works are the works uf darkness, and no witnesses present with them to accuse them. These are the main points to discover and convict these Witches; for they prove fully that those Witches have made a League with the Devil: I. These Witches have ordinarily a Spirit, which appeareth to them; sometimes in one shape* sometimes in another; as in the shape of a Man, Woman, Boy, Dog, Cat, Foal, Fowl, Hare, Hat, Toad, & And to these Spirits they give names, and they meet together to christen them (as they speak), 10. The Testimony of other Witches, confessing their own Witchcrafts, and witnessing against the suspected, that they have Spirits or Marks; that they have been at their meetings; that tbey have told them what harm they have done, II. If the dead body bleeds upon the Witches touching it. 13. The Examination and Confession of the Children (able & fit to answer) or Servants of the Witch. Also whether they have seen her call upon, speak to, or feed any Spirit, or such like, or have heard her foretell of this mishap, or speak of her power to hurt, or of her transportation to this or that place. 14. Their own voluntary Confession (which exceeds all other evidence), of the hurt they have done, or of the giving of their souls to the Devil, and of the Spirits which they have, how many, how they call them, and how they came by them. UNIT 2. JURY DUTY TASK 1, Read the follojving text and write down Russian equivalents for the words and expressions in bold type: The Fear of Jury Duty For Americans, serving jury duty has always been a dreaded chore. There is plenty of history behind this fear. In colonial days, jurors were locked in a small room with no ventilation and were denied food and water in an attempt to inspire a quick verdict. If the jurors returned with the wrong decisions, they too were charged with a crime. As more and more laws were passed, the rules of evidence expanded and trials became longer, which resulted in more technical and increasingly boring hours for jurors. Trial lawyers have tried to change the boredom by replacing endless hours of testimony with computer animation, video reconstructions, color charts and graphics to better explain the evidence. The judicial system depends on juries. The United States Constitution guarantees its citizens the right to a trial by jury of their peers. When summoned for jury duty, Americans should look upon it as an opportunity to serve their country, their community, and their fellow citizens. Each year, over 5 million Americans are summoned for jury duty to render verdicts in approximately 120,000 trials.
Prospective jurors are chosen at random from voter registration lists. When people are chosen for jury duty, they are often shown a video tape explaining the jury system or given a HANDBOOK ON JURY SERVICE.' 2. Answer the following questions: L Why have Americans always feared the jury service? 2. In what conditions were jurors k&pt in colonial days? Why? 3. How has trial procedure changed through the years?
4. Why is the right to a jury trial considered to be so important for the U.S. citizens? The following text comes from a handbook on jury service for the U.S. citizens. Jury Service — an Important Job and a Rewarding Experience The right to trial by a jury of our fellow citizens is one of our most important rights and is guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States- By serving on a jury, then, you are helping to guarantee one of our most important freedoms. Your job as a juror is to listen to all the evidence presented at trial and to 'decide the facts' -— that is, to decide what really happened The judge, on the other hand, 'decides the law3 — that is, makes decisions on legal issues that come up during the trial. For example, the judge may have to decide whether you and the other jurors may hear certain evidence or whether one lawyer may ask a witness a certain question. You should not try to decide these legal issues, sometimes you will even be asked to leave the courtroom while they are being decided Both your job and that of the judge must be done well if our system of trial by jury is to work In order to do your job you do not need any special knowledge or ability. It is enough that you keep an open mind, concentrate on the evidence being presented, use your common sense, and be fair and honest Finally, you should not be influenced by sympathy or- prejudice: it is vital that you be impartial with regard to all people and all ideas. Many jurors find that it is exciting to learn about this most important system £from the inside1, and challenging to deal fairly and thoroughly with the cases they hear. We hope that you, too, find your experience as a juror to be interesting and satisfying. How You Were Chosen Your name was selected at random from voter registration records and placed on a list of potential jurors. Next, your answers to the Questionnaire for Jurors were evaluated to make sure that you were eligible for jury service and were not exempt from service. To be eligible, you must be over 13 years of age, a citizen of the United States, a resident of the county in which you are to serve as a juror, able to communicate in the English language and if you have been convicted of a felony, you must have had your civil rights restored. People who meet these requirements may be excused from jury service if they have illnesses that would interfere with their ability to do a good job, would suffer great hardship if required to serve, or are unable to serve for some other reason. You are here because you were found to be eligible for jury duty and were able to serve. You are now part of the 'jury pool', the group of people from which trial juries are chosen. TASK 3. Find in the text above the English equivalents for the following words and expressions: 1. показания 2. анкета для присяжных 3. списки избирателей 4. предубеждение 5. судебное разбирательство 6. вопросы права 7. фонд, резерв присяжных 8. сохранять объективность в подходе к вопросу, делу 9. освобождать от обязанностей присяжного 10. подходить для службы в жюри присяжных 11. заслушивать показания 12. исключать из состава присяжных 13. восстанавливать в гражданских правах 14. тщательно и беспристрастно рассматривать дело 15. удовлетворять требованиям TASK 4. Explain the meaning of the following words and expressions: о fellow citizens » evidence «to decide the law «to decide the facts • courtroom » common sense • prejudice • to be impartial TASK 5. Answer the following questions: 1. What is the job of a juror? 2. What is the job of a judge? 3. What qualities should a good juror have? 4. What requirements should one meet to be eligible for jury service? 5. What are the reasons for a person to be excused from jury service? 6. What is a jury pool7 TASK 6. Translate the following text into English, paying special attention to the words and expressions in bold type: Требования, предъявляемые к присяжным заседателям. В список присяжных заседателей не включаются лица: и не внесенные в списки избирателей; • не достигшие к моменту составления списков присяжных заседателей возраста 25 лет; «имеющие неснятую или непогашенную судимость; 0 признанные судом недееспособными. Из списков присяжных заседателей исключаются: • лица, не владеющие языком, на котором ведется судопроизводство в данной местности; • немые, глухие, слепые и другие лица, являющиеся инвалидами; » военнослужащие; «судьи, прокуроры, следователи, адвокаты, нотариусы; • священнослужители. TASK 7. The word EVIDENCE has the following meanings in Russian: 1) доказательство , evidence at law — судебные доказательства 2) показания evidence for the defence — показания свидетелей защиты 3) улики evidence of crime — улики 4) свидетельство written evidence — письменное свидетельство Match the following English expressions with their Russian equivalents:
1. evidence in the case 2. evidence on oath 3. to give/offer /introduce/ produce evidence 4. to plant evidence 5. to weigh evidence 6. to withhold evidence I, evidence wrongfully obtained 8. evidence of guilt 9. circumstantial evidence 10. conclusive/ decisive evidence II. expert evidence 12. false evidence 13. first hand evidence 14. insufficient evidence 15. irrefutable evidence 16. perjured evidence 17. physical evidence a) вещественное доказательство b) давать показания, представить дока зательства c) доказательства вины; улики d) доказательства или показания по делу е} доказательства, показания, полученные с нарушением закона f) доказательство из первых рук g) заключение эксперта h) косвенное доказательство i) лжесвидетельство j) ложное доказательство> показание к) недостаточное доказательство 1) неопровержимое доказательство т) окончательное, решающее доказательство п) оценить доказательства о) показания под присягой р) скрыть доказательства q) сфабриковать доказательства TASKS. Study the following Juror's Excusal/Postponement Form, Imagine that you arp. n. juror not willing to perform your jury duty. Fill in the form stating your own reasons: JUROR'S EXCUSAL/POSTPONEMENT FORM You may be disqualified / exempt from Jury Duty for the reasons listed below by checking the appropriate item, or enter your request in the area provided DISQUALIFICATIONS FOR JURY DUTY □ Convicted Felon (Civil Rights not Restored) □ Presently under prosecution for a crime D Not a resident of County □ Not a citizen of the United States You may be EXEMPT from Jury Duty for reasons listed below О 70 or older and wish to be temporarily excused □ 70 or older and wish to be permanently excused □ Physically unable (Doctor's note must be submitted) □ Parent, not employed full time with custody of child under age 6 □ Expectant Mother О Served on Jury Duty m past IS months □ FuLl-time law enforcement officer
I request to be excused or postponed because Any request for excusal or postponement must be received at least 7 days prior to your report date. You wiJI be notified by mail regarding the status of your request and postponement date, if applicable. Phone number (Home and Work) UNIT 3. SELECTION OF THE TRIAL JURY TASK J. Read the following text and write doum Russian equivalents for the words and expressions in bold type: The first step in the selection of the trial jury is the selection of a 'jury panel'. When you are selected for a jury panel you will be directed to report, along with other panel members, to a courtroom in which a case is to be heard once a jury is selected. The judge assigned to that case will tell you about the case and will introduce the lawyers and the people involved in the case You will also take an oath, by which you promise to answer all questions truthfully. Following this explanation of the case and the taking of the oath, the judge and the lawyers will question you and the other members of the panel to find out if you have any personal interest in it, or any feelings that might make it hard for you to be impartial This process of questioning is called Voir Dire, a phrase meaning "to speak the truth". Many of the questions the judge and lawyers ask you during Voir Dire may seem very personal to you, but you should answer them completely and honestly. Remember that the lawyers are not trying to embarrass you, but are trying to make sure that members of the jury do not have opinions or past experiences which might prevent them from making an impartial decision. During Voir Dire the lawyers may ask the judge to excuse you or another member of the panel from sitting on the jury for this particular case» This is called challenging a juror There are two types of challenges. The first is called a challenge for cause, which means that the lawyer has a specific reason for thinking that the juror would not be able to be impartial. For example, the case may involve the theft of a car. If one of the jurors has had a car stolen and still feels angry or upset about it, the lawyer for the person accused of the theft could ask that the juror be excused for that reason. There is no limit on the number of the panel members that the lawyers may have excused for cause.
The second type of challenge is called a peremptory challenge, which means that the lawyer does not have to state a reason for Please try not to take offence if you are excused from serving on a particular jury. The lawyer who challenges you is not suggesting that you lack ability or honesty, merely that there is some doubt about your impartiality because of the circumstances of the particular case and your past experiences. If you are excused, you will either return to the juror waiting area and wait to be called for another panel or will be excused from service, depending on the local procedures in the county in which you live. Those jurors who have not been challenged become the jury for the case. Depending on the kind of case, there will be either six or twelve jurors. The judge may also allow selection of one or more alternate jurors, who will serve if one of the jurors is unable to do so because of illness or some other reason, TASK 2. Find in the text above the English equivalents for the following words and expressions; 1. состав присяжных 2. отвод присяжного 3. мотивированный отвод 4. немотивированный отвод 5. присяжные, подобранные для судебного рассмотрения дела 6. присяжный запасного состава 7. принять присягу 8. принять беспристрастное решение 9. указать причину отвода 10. явиться в зал заседания 3> Answer the following questions:
L What is the aim of Voir Dire? 2. What does the procedure of Voir Dire consist of? 5 — 6660 3. What is challenging a juror? 4. What are the types of challenge? 5. Why is the number of peremptory challenges limited? 6. What aims do lawyers pursue while challenging jurors? 7. What is the number of jurors sitting on a case? 8. Who are alternate jurors? TASK 4. The Russian expression СУДЕБНЫЙ ПРОЦЕСС has the following equivalents in English: 1) litigation — судебный процесс3 спор, тяжба civil litigation — судебный процесс по гражданскому делу local litigation — тяжба в местном суде litigation expenses — судебные издержки issue in the litigation — предмет судебного спора 2) lawsuit — судебный процесс, судебное дело, иск, тяжба, правовой спор, судебный спор, судебное разбирательство to be cast in lawsuit — проиграть судебный процесс party to a lawsuit — сторона по делу to file a lawsuit — подать иск 3) suit — судебный процесс, иск, преследование по суду, судебное дело, судебная тяжба, судопроизводство to win / to lose a suit — выиграть / проиграть судебный процесс to mount a suit — предъявить иск to press a suit — оказывать давление на ход судебного процесса to bring a suit — возбудить дело, тяжбу 4) trial — судебный процесс, судебное разбирательство, слушание дела open(-court) trial — открытый судебный процесс to conduct / hold a trial — вести судебный процесс staged trial — инсценированный судебный процесс trial by jury — рассмотрение дела с участием присяжных to bring to trial / to put (up) on trial / to place on trial — предать суду to face trial — предстать перед судом to stand trial — отвечать перед судом civil trial — гражданское судопроизводство criminal trial — уголовное судопроизводство preliminary trial — предварительное слушание дела case for trial/ trial case — дело, подлежащее судебному рассмотрению case on trial — дело на стадии судебного рассмотрения delay in trial — задержка судебного разбирательства, отсрочка судебного разбирательства trial docket / trial list — список дел к слушанию investigation at the trial — судебное следствие party to a trial — сторона в процессе; участник процесса 5) cause — судебный процесс, судебное дело, тяжба legal cause — судебное дело, законное основание major /minor cause — дело о тяжком/ малозначительном правонарушении costs in the cause — судебные издержки» издержки в процессе cause list — список дел к слушанию side in к cause — сторона по делу 6) controversy — гражданский судебный процесс, правовой спор, судебный с пор legal controversy — правовой спор; судебный спор to decide a controversy — решить спор party in controversy — сторона в судебном споре 7) process — судебный процесс, процедура, порядок, производство дел, судопроизводство, процессуальные нормы investigation process — процесс расследования 8) proceeding(s) — судебный процесс, рассмотрение дела в суде, судебное разбирательство, судебная процедура, производство по делу, судопроизводство to take criminal proceeding(s) — возбудить уголовное преследование civil proceeding(s) — гражданское производство criminal proceeding(s) — уголовное судопроизводство forfeiture proceeding(s) — процедура конфискации Find in the list abow the English equivalents far the following Russian expressions: 1. судебные издержки 2. сторона по делу 3, тяжба 4, проиграть / выиграть судебный процесс 5, возбудить дело TASK 5. Translate the following text into English, paying special attention to the words and expressions in bold type: Формирование скамьи присяжных заседателей включает; «составление списков присяжных заседателей, «приглашение их в судебное заседание, в выявление судьей объективности и непредвзятости при рассмотрении данного дела у приглашенных в суд присяжных заседателей, «использование сторонами права на мотивированный и немотивированный отвод присяжных заседателей. В результате остаются 12 основных и 2 запасных присяжных заседателя. От исполнения обязанностей присяжного заседателя по конкретному делу председательствующий судья освобождает всякого, чья объективность вызывает обоснованные сомнении вследствие оказанного на это лицо незаконного воздействия, наличия у него предвзятого мнения, знания им обстоятельств дела из непроцессуальных источников, а также по другим причинам.
ПРИСЯГА После того, как коллегия присяжных заседателей сформирована и избран их старшина, председатель- ствующий судья приводит присяжных заседателей к присяге. "Клянусь исполнять свои обязанности честно и беспристрастно, принимать во внимание все рассмотренные в суде доказательства, доводы, обстоятельства дела и ничего, кроме них, разрешать дело по своему внутреннему убеждению и совести, как подобает свободному гражданину и спраредлилому человеку", (Россия) ___ J
TASK 6. Complete the following text using the words from the box: The Jury in Britain Г--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \ criminal offence; acquitted; challenge; civil cases; convicted; disqualified; liable for; ownership of property; randomly; right of appeal; evidence; judiciary; verdict; unanimous; undertake Trial by jury is an ancient and important feature of English justice. Although it has declined in__________ __ (except for libel and fraud), it is the main element in criminal trials in the crown court Jury membership was once linked to the_______________________ _ ________________, which resulted in male and middle-class dominance. But now most categories of British residents are obliged to jury service when summoned. Before the start of a criminal trial in the crown court, 12 jurors are chosen from a list of some 30 names_______________ selected from local electoral registers. They listen to the _______ at the trial and give their verdict on the facts, after having been isolated in a separate room for their deliberations. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland the_______________ may be 'guilty1 or 'not guilty1, the latter resulting in acquittal Until 1967 the verdict had to be __________ But now the judge will accept a majority verdict after the jury has deliberated for more than two hours provided that, in the normal jury of 12 people, there are no more than two dissenters. In Scotland the jury's verdict may be 'guilty', 4not guilty1 or 'not proven', the accused is if either of the last two verdicts is given. As a general rule no one may be _______ without corroborated evidence from at least two sources, If the jury acquits the. defendant, the prosecution has no ________________ and the defendant cannot be tried again fur the same offence. A jury is independent of the, Any attempt to interfere with a jury is a __________________. Potential jurors are put on a panel before the start of the trial In England and Wales the prosecution and the defence may_______________ individual jurors on the panel, giving reasons for doing so. In Scotland the prosecution or defence may challenge up to three jurors without reason. In Northern Ireland each defendant has the right to challenge up to 12 potential jurors without giving a'reason. People between the ages of 18 and 70 (65 in Scotland) whose names appear on the electoral register, with certain exceptions, are__________ __ jury service and their names are chosen at random, Ineligible people include, for example, judges and people who have within the previous ten years been members of the legal profession or the.police, prison or probation services. People convicted of certain offences within the previous ten years cannot serve on a jury. Anyone who has received a prison sentence of five years or more is _____________ for life. f ~~ —— - — Just for Fun Jury — a group of twelve men who, having lied to the judge about their hearing, health, and business engagements, have failed to fool him. Henry Lewis Mencken V __________________________________. __________________ UNIT 4. IN THE COURTROOM TASK I. Read the following text and write down Russian equivalents for the words and expressions in bold type: The number of the days you work as a juror and your working hours depend on the jury selection system in the county in which you live. Working hours may also be varied by the judge to accommodate witnesses coming from out of town or for other reasons. Regardless of the length of your working day, one thing that may strike you is the amount of waiting. For example, you may have to wait a long while before you are called for a jury panel. You also may be kept waiting in the jury room during trial while the judge and the lawyers settle a question of law that has come up. This waiting may seem like a waste of time to you and also may make it seem as if the court system isn't working very well. In reality, however, there are good reasons for the waiting you do both before and during trial, Your having to wait before trial is important for the efficient operation of the system, Because there are many cases to be heard and because txials are expensive, judges encourage people to come to an agreement in their case before triaL These agreements, called settlements, can occur at any time, even a few minutes before the trial is scheduled to begin. This means that it is impossible to know exactly how many trials there will be on a particular day or when they will start. Jurors are kept waiting, therefore, so that they are immediately available for the next case that goes to trial. Your waiting during trial helps assure the fairness of the proceedings, You will remember that the jurors decide the facts and that the judge decides the law. If you are sent out of the courtroom during trial, it is probably because a legal issue has come up that must be decided before more evidence can bu presented to you. You are sent out because the judge decides that you should not hear the discussion about the law, because it might interfere with your ability to decide the facts in an impartial way. Sometimes the judge will explain why you were sent out, but sometimes he may not be able to do so. Please be assured, however, that these delays during trial, explained or not, are important to the fairness of the trial. In any case, judges and personnel do whatever they can to minimize the waiting before and during trial. Your understanding is appreciated, TASK 2. Answer the following questions: L What does a juror's working day depend cm? 2. What is a settlement? 3. When and why are jurors sent out of the courtroom during trial? Courtroom Personnel In addition to the lawyers and the judge, three other people will play an important role in the trial The court reporter, who sits close to the witnesses and the judge, puts down every word that is spoken during the trial and also may record the proceedings on tape The clerk, who sits right below the judge, keeps track of all documents and exhibits and notes down important events in the trial The bailiff helps to keep the trial running smoothly. The jury is in the custody of the bailiff, who sees to the jurors comfort and convenience and helps them if they are having any problems related to jury service. TASK 3. Find in the text above the English equivalents for the following words and expressions: 1. судебный секретарь 2. вещественное доказательство 3. вести магнитофонную запись 4. судебный пристав 5. протоколист суда
TASK 4. Look at the picture of an American courtroom. Match the numbers in the picture with the words beloxo:
□ jury □ court reporter □ judge □ defendant D defence attorney □ witness □ witness stand □ prosecuting attorney □ bailiff □ jury box О judge's bench □ courtroom
TASK 5. Read the letter of the innate of San Quentin Prison (USA). Using the picture above, explain why the courtroom layout is described as unfavourable for the defendant in the text: A View From Behind Bars I want to talk about the way that courtrooms are laid out, I think that by their design, it already puts the defendant at a disadvantage when he goes to trial. Maybe you think that it is ridiculous to claim that the way a courtroom is laid out has an impact on a trial, but let me explain. When you walk into a courtroom in California, the flcjorplan is basically the same as any other Since most people have seen at least one trial on TV, you can probably visualise what I am describing. If you sit in the jury box and look out over the courtroom, here is what you will see. Closest to the jury is a witness stand where the witnesses sit when they testify. On the other side of the witness stand is the Judge's Bench sitting high above everything else, so as to give an air of authority. Facing the Bench and witness stand are the tables where the prosecutor and defence sit during the course of the trial. In between the prosecutor and defence table is a podium that the lawyers stand at when they address the court and the jury. Sitting closest to the jury box is always the prosecutor's table, then the podium, and on the other side of that is the defence table. The person on trial is as far away from the jury as it is possible. When I was on trial, I couldn't even see half of the jury, unless I leaned out over the table to look at them. So, this set-up seems to make the person on trial distant, and not even a real part of the proceedings, which in my opinion^ makes it easier for the jury to depersonalise you when you are on trial. Meanwhile, the prosecutor is damned near sitting in the jury's lap all through the trial and the jury lias the tendency to relate with the prosecutor a lot easier. This might sound like a trivial thing, but consider this. A witness for the defence is on the witness stand and giving his or her testimony, but all through the witness's testimony, the prosecutor is sitting right next to the jury and reacting to everything the witness says by facial expressions and body language And, if you are saying that this doesn't have an impact on a jury, then you are very naive... or a prosecutor. TASK 6, Translate the following definitions in writing: CASE — any proceeding, action, cause, lawsuit or controversy initiated through the court system by filing a complaint, petition or information. WITNESS — a person who testifies under oath in court regarding what was seen, heard or otherwise observed. TRIAL — the presentation of evidence in court to a trier of facts who applies the applicable law to those facts and then decides the case. EVIDENCE — a form of proof legally presented at a trial through witnesses, records, documents, etc. TASK 7. Read the text carefully and comment on the advice given to jurors. Be ready to explain the relevance of each item: Do's -and Don'ts for Jurors During trial 1. DO arrive on time. The trial can not proceed until all jurors are present. Do return to the courtroom promptly after breaks and lunch. 2. DO pay close attention to witnesses. Concentrate both on what the witnesses say and on their manner while testifying. If you cannot hear what is being said, raise your hand and let the judgti know. 3. DO keep an open mind all through the trial. DON'T form an opinion on the case until you and the other jurors have conducted your deliberations. Remember that if you make up your mind while listening to one witness's testimony, you may not be able to consider fully and fairly the testimony that comes later. 4. DO listen carefully to the instructions read by the judge immediately before the jury begins its deliberations. Remember that it is your duty to accept what the judge says about the law to be applied to the case you have heard. DON'T ignore the judge's instructions because you disagree about what the law is or ought to be. 5. DON'T talk about the case with anyone while the trial is going on, not even with other jurors. It is equally important that you do not allow other people to talk about the case in your presence, even a family member.
G. DON'T talk to the lawyers, parties, or witnesses about anything. These people are not permitted to talk to jurors and may appear to ignore you outside the courtroom. Remember that they are not trying to be rude: they are merely trying to avoid giving the impression that something unfair is going on. 7. DON'T try to discover evidence on your own. For example, never go to the scene of any event that is part of the case you are hearing. Remember that cases must be decided only on the basis of evidence admitted in court. 8, DON'T let yourself get any information about the case from newspapers, television, radio, or any other source. Remember that news reports do not always give accurate or complete information. Even if the news about the trial is accurate, it cannot substitute for your own impressions about, the case. К you should accidentally hear outside information about the case during trial, tell the bailiff about it in private. 9. DON'T express your opinion about the case to other jurors until deliberations begin. A person who has expressed an opinion tends to pay attention only to evidence that supports it and to ignore evidence that points the other way. During deliberations 1. DO consult with the other jurors before making up your mind about a verdict Each juror must make up his or her own mind, but only after impartial group consideration of the evidence. 2. PO reason out differences of opinion between jurors by means of a complete and fair discussion of the evidence and of the judge's instructions. DON'T lose your temper, try to bully other jurors» or refuse to listen to the opinions of other jurors. 3. DO reconsider your views in the light of your deliberations, and change them if you have become convinced they are wrong. DON'T change your convictions about the importance or effect of evidence, however, just because other jurors disagree with you or so that the jury can decide on a verdict 4. DON'T play cards, read, or engage in any other diversion. 5. DON'T mark or write on exhibits or otherwise change or injure them. 6. DON'T cast lots or otherwise arrive at your verdict by chance, or the verdict will be illegal. 7. DON'T talk to anyone about your deliberations or about the verdict until the judge discharges the jury. After discharge you may discuss the verdict and the deliberations with anyone to whom you wish to speak. DON'T feel obligated to do so; no juror can be forced to talk without a court order. DO be careful about what you say to others. You should not say or write anything that you would not be willing to state under oath. TASK 8. Translate the following into English: Присяжный заседатель не должен: «отлучаться из зала судебного заседания во время слушания дела, * общаться по делу с лицами, не входящими в состав суда, без разрешения гфедседательствуклцего, • собирать сведения по делу вне судебного заседания. Just for Fun A jury consists of twelve persons chosen to decide who has the better lawyer. * * * "You seem to be in some distress/4 said the judge to the witness. "Is anything wrong?" 11 Well, your Honour/1 said the witness, 'T swore to tell the truth and nothing but the truth, but every time I try, some lawyer objects!" + # * A man had been convicted of theft on circumstantial evidence. When the case was sent for appeal, he revealed to his lawyer that he had been in prison at the time of the crime committed- "Good Heavens, man!" said the lawyer, "Why on earth didn't you reveal that fact at the trial?11 "Well," said the man, "I thought it might prejudice the jury against me." * * * A man. accused of stealing a watch was acquitted on insufficient evidence. Outside the courtroom he approached his lawyer and said, "What does that mean — acquitted?" "It means," said the lawyer, "that the court has found you innocent. You are free to go." "Does it mean I can keep the watch?" asked the client. * * * First juror: "We shouldn't be here very long. One look at those two fellows convinces me that they are guilty/' Second juror: "Not so loud, you fool! That's counsel for the prosecution and counsel for the defence!" UNIT 5. KINDS OF CASES TASK 1. Read the following text and write down Russian equivalents for the words and expressions in bold type: As a juror, you may sit on a criminal case, a civil case, or both.
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