MOSCOW THROUGH CENTURIES
Moscow ____ (stand out) among other cities for having a face of its own. Moscow’s beauty ____ (live, breathe) in every street and stone. The passing years ____ (leave) their mark on the city’s appearance. They ____ (bring) Muscovites not only joy of new accomplishments but pain of losses. But still the capital ____ (enter) into the new century with a belief that its unique looks and charm will be preserved. Moscow’s history ____ (cover) about two thousand years, though the earliest annals ____ (set) the date of its foundation as A.D. 1147, which ____ (be) the official “birthday” of the city. The first wooden Kremlin was erected by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky in 1156. By the 13th century it ____ (become) the centre of the Moscow principality. It was destroyed by the Mongolian Tatar invasion, but the rule of Batu Khan ____ (not / last) very long. By the 15th century, Moscow ____ (establish) its global rule over various Russian principalities and its urban area … (be) over five square kilometres. A hundred years later it ____ (grown) into the capital of a strong and prosperous state, one of the largest in the world. A system of concentric fortifications with the Kremlin as its centre ____ (enclose) Kitai-Gorod and Bely Gorod, new and large sections of the city with two other outer rings; the city ____ (spread) to over twenty square kilometers.
VI. Put the verbs in brackets into an appropriate tense. Jim (1) was not looking (not/look) forward to the exam. He (2) … (study) for the past two months, and still (3) … (not/feel) sure that he (4) … (know) even half of what he should know. He (5) … (question) his teachers repeatedly about the material that (6) … (appear) on past exams, but he still (7) … (not/be) convinced that anything he (8) … (learn) (9) … (be) relevant to this year's exam. He (10) … (still/study) at seven o'clock in the morning on the day of the exam; he (11) … (revise) all night long, and (12) … (feel) exhausted. In fact he (13) … (be) so tired that he (14) … (fall) asleep in the middle of writing the exam, and (15) … (wake up) only just in time to finish it.
VII. Put the verbs in brackets into an appropriate tense. In the last few years there (1) has been (be) a marked change in our attitude towards environmental issues. It (2)… (start) with scientists revealing that a hole (3) …(begin) to develop in the ozone layer above the Arctic Circle; when people (4) …(start) to notice changes in the climate, it (5) …(become) obvious that there (6) …(be) a serious threat. Those of us who (7) … (ever/use) an aerosol spray will presumably think twice before using one again. And what (8) … (happen) to all that nuclear waste we have produced? Presumably most of it (9) … (be/dump) into the sea, but the number of protesting voices (10) … (increase) steadily year by year.
WRITING Paragraph Writing A paragraph normally consists of several sentences which are all concerned with the theme contained in the key sentence. It is usually the first sentence, which contains the main idea or topic. The other sentences support it by adding further information or examples. Useful words and phrases: Firstly; In conclusion; In my opinion;Some critics argue that…; In addition; I feel; Contrary to what many people believe; What is more. Choose one topic from the following list and write a paragraph expressing your opinion. 1. The specific history of Russia, connected in many ways with its geographic location, explains its lack of similarity to the other countries of Europe and Asia. 2. The Mongol yoke was stifling for Russia. 3. Paganism in Russia disappeared immediately after the christianization of Russia in 988.
Speaking Role play:Work in groups of three. One of you has just read an interesting book about ancient cultures. One of you is a friend who is told some pieces of information from this book, and you are interested in this topic because you have some knowledge about origin of ancient civilizations. And the third person is another friend who is eager to insist on the statement that every nation has its own reputation because of its origin. For example, Englishmen are cold-blooded and warlike because they are descendants of ancient Germans. Act out your reactions to the situation.
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