UNIT TWOTask I. Listen to the recorded terms. Write them down. Practise their pronunciation and learn their meanings. Accent Accentuation Accidental Rise Adjective Adverb Adverbial modifier group Apposition Apostrophe Article (definite, indefinite) Assimilation (regressive, progressive, reciprocal (double); partial, intermediate and complete) Author’s words Auxiliary verbs Body movements (body language) Boundary Brackets Colon Comma Complex tones Compound words Conjunction (compound, composite, simple, coordinating, subordinating) Contour Curve (downward, upward) Dash Direct address Dot Emphasis Ending (the end of a word, sentence) Enumeration Exclamation mark Facial expression Full stop Full stress Function Gestures Handwriting (cursive, italic) Hyphen Implicatory Inverted commas Interval Intonation pattern Italics Junction Juncture Loudness Manner of noise production Meaning Mimics Modal verbs Modification Notional verb Noun Numeral (cardinal, ordinal) Paragraph Parenthesis Partial stress Pause (silent: long and short, perceptive and voiced or filled) Pausation Phonetic paragraph Placement of stress within the word Plural Polysyllabic Predicate group Prefix Preposition Prominence Pronoun (demonstrative, indefinite, interrogative, personal, possessive, reflective, relative) Question mark Range Rate (speed) of tone changes Reduction (quantitative, qualitative and complete or zero) Reduced vowel Rhythm Rhythmic group Rhythmic structure Root of the word Scale (Regular/Broken; Descending/Ascending; Stepping, Sliding, Scandent, Level) Semicolon Sentence communicative type (declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory) Singular Slanting brackets Slanting line Special Rise Stress (Word Stress, Utterance Stress) Stress-timed language Subject group Suffix Tempo (rapid (accelerated), moderate, slow (decelerated) Three-syllable words Tonogram (tonogramme) Tune (simple, compound) Two-syllable words Verb Utterance (statements, questions, imperatives, exclamations) Utterance stress (full non-nuclear, partial, weak and nuclear) Word Order Word Stress (primary, secondary, strong, weak or unstressed) Task 2. Listen to thefollowing words and word combinations; write them in the right columns. Example:
Task 3. Listen tothe recorded words and word combinations (Task 1); transcribe the words containing the vowels: /U /, /u:/, /V/, /A:/, /Q/, /@U/. Task 4. Write down the words containing the vowels mentioned in Task 3 (10 words for each vowel) and the following consonants: /f, v, l, j, r, N/. Use the material you worked on at your practical classes. Task 5. Listen to therecorded words and word combinations (Task 1); write in the right columns the words, which have the following vowels in stressed syllables: Example:
Task 6. Write down the recorded words and word combinations in Task 1; concentrate on the unstressed syllables. Analyse the qualitative changes in the production of vowels in them; underline the letters or their combinations, if any, representing the schwa phoneme in speech; give the rules of the commonest way of spelling this vowel; record the words to exemplify different allophones of this phoneme. Task 7. Practise reading the words, word combinations and phrases given below paying attention to the pronunciation of plosives. Remember the rule: when two or more plosives follow one another, only the last one is really “exploded” audibly, and the regular speech-flow is held back to allow the preceding plosives to be formed; if a plosive is followed by a nasal (/m/ or /n/) or lateral sonorant (/l/) it is known as nasally or laterally exploded (correspondingly); when a plosive is followed by a fricative it has incomplete or fricative plosion. After reading, group the words according to the manner of noise production of plosives in them. Record the exercise. 1) Hope to, hoped to, dust bin, Saint Paul’s, black cat, lamp-post, big dog, held back, help me, good night, little kitten, don’t talk, hot toast, write down, put that down, not now, look sharp, a locked door, let me, hard times, an old friend, a bad thing, take care, held deep, doomed to failure, a top hat, a fast car, Mark can’t park, buttered buns, doesn’t love, mashed potatoes.
2) Pleased to meet you. Glad to see you. Have you got the suitcase? I’ve lost the form they gave me. It’s not there. Last name? What shall I call you? Do your family or friends call you by a nickname? An optimist always expects the best to happen. Can we have the next contestant, please? Task 8. Listen to Task 1. Find pairs of sounds which are classed as plosives; comment on the specificity of the voiceless plosives’ production in English; compare the pronunciation of the corresponding plosives in your native language; record the examples illustrating the differences in the pronunciation of English and Ukrainian plosives. Task 9. Practise saying the recorded words (Task 1), paying particular attention to the length of the stressed vowels in definite phonetic contexts; record the examples demonstrating positional allophones of vowels in English. Task 10. Give as many examples as possible from the list of recorded words and word combinations (Task 1) in which the stressed vowels are pronounced as they are called in the alphabet, transcribe those, which contain the vowels and consonants you have learnt. Task 11. Listen tothe following utterances. They are exactly the same, except a different word is stressed in each utterance. Underline the most prominent word in them. Lay stress-and-tone marks in the utterances you hear. Give tonograms. Do you know the shortest™ way? Do you know the ™ shortest way? Do you ™ know the shortest way? Do ™ you know the shortest way?
Can you break an apple in ™ two? Can you break an ™ apple in two? Can you ™ break an apple in two? Can ™ you break an apple in two?
Can you buy me a second ™ copy? Can you buy me a ™ second copy? Can you buy ™ me a second copy? Can you ™ buy me a second copy? Can ™ you buy me a second copy? Task 12. Listen to the following dialogues. Concentrate on the intonation of yes/no questions. Write them down. Lay stresses and tone marks. Practise reading the dialogues. Formulate the rule of yes/no questions grammatical structure and their intonational organisation. Do it in writing. Thompson p.22-31.
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