ДОПОВНЕННЯ

Alaska and Hawaii became the last additions to the United States in 1959. Why has the United States failed to add another state in over five decades?

In Watchmen, Vietnam becomes the 51st State, while former Presidential candidate Newt Gingrinch called for the Moon to be the 51st state. What are some realistic candidates for statehood in the 21st Century?

Strategic positioning
Both Alaska and Hawaii played important strategic roles in World War II and the Cold War, all while separated from their nearest state by over two thousand miles.

Strategic territories are less important in wartime, thanks to the proliferation of U.S. military bases on foreign soil, possibly leading to a decrease in named territories and the inclusion of additional states. 12 years into the 21st Century, several areas are poised to become states — what are they, and why would they be added to the current 50 states?

Puerto Rico
An easy pick. The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico has had the opportunity to join the United States a number of times, with the United States Federal government welcoming the commonwealth as a state with open arms. The citizens of Puerto Rico are full United States citizens, but the majority do not pay Federal income tax. Puerto Rico does have a representative in the United States Congress, but their representative does not carry a vote.

The citizens of Puerto Rico will vote to pursue statehood on August 12, 2012 — making it possible that the United States could welcome a 51st State in the next year.

New York City
A desire to create a state out of New York City is not a new one - novelist Norman Mailer used statehood as a key issue in his bid for election for mayor of New York City in 1969. New York City is the de facto financial capital of the planet and the population of the city dwarfs most states.

The population of New York City surpassed 8 million in 2010, making it the 11-12thlargest state if only Manhattan, the Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island jointly separated. The New York Metropolitan Area surpasses a population of 20 million (and covering parts of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut), making it the third largest state in the union.

Becoming its own state would give the New York Metropolitan Area a greater say in governing itself, as the state capital of Albany is 150 miles away. Secession from the state would also allow NYC to retain $11 billion in tax revenue it currently sends to Albany.

The District of Columbia
Like New York City, Washington, D.C. could be a viable candidate for statehood via secession. Citizens of the United States seat of power pay Federal taxes yet lack full voting representation in the United States Congress, an antiquated agreement stemming from a desire to prevent political players from having a say in national elections.

As the population of Washington, D.C. increases, the push for statehood will continue to grow, if only to give its citizens without political connections a rightful say in Federal government. If the district becomes a state, it will likely adopt a new name, with New Columbia being a popular choice since the early 1980s.

Cuba
Less than 100 miles from the coast of Florida, Cuba and the United States enjoy a tenuous relationship at best. Cuba is home to the United States oldest overseas Navy Base,Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, a 45-square-mile parcel held the southern tip of the island since 1903.

The United States is actively seeking a democratic Cuba once Fidel Castro dies, funding the Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba to transition the government from a socialist republic when the time comes.

Investors are lining up to buy property in Cuba, likely turning the island into a tourist destination, if not a state, once doors open.

The United Kingdom
A flight from New York City to London covers over 3500 miles, but the two nations own a shared history and financial connection. Great Britain is a little larger than the combined states of Alabama and Georgia, but enjoys a massive population (over 60 million) that would instantly make Great Britain the most populous of the United States.

Great Britain is currently a member of the European Union, but has no plans to adopt the Euro, staunchly maintaining the Pound Sterling as its currency.

As the English monarchy becomes little more than a tourism-driven cliché, the identity of Great Britain begins to fade. The strong financial position and large population of Great Britain are quite attractive, making it a prime choice for a United States looking to extend its foothold onto another continent at the end of the 21st Century.

СALIFORNIA

Two counties in northern California have submitted a petition for the right to form a 51st State of America, which they want to name Jefferson. They claim a lack of representation and that their grievances aren’t heard at state level.

The largely rural counties of Modoc and Siskiyou signed the petition. They are located on the border with Oregon and have a combined population of just over 50,000. The request was made to the secretaries of the state Assembly and Senate in Sacramento, the state capital of California.

OTHER

“People from four more counties — Yuba, Sutter, Glenn and Tehama — will present declarations soon. Once the number reaches at least 10, Jefferson will be ready to rule,” Mark Baird, one of the movement’s organizers, told the Sacramento Bee. However, voters from the county of Del Norte decided against joining the proposed new State.

"We don't need government from a state telling people in a county what to do with their resources and their children's education. You are better equipped to educate your children than the state or federal government," Baird said to round of applause from his supporters.

Literature

· "Did Puerto Rico Really Vote for Statehood?". Huffington Post. Retrieved November 14, 2012.

· García Padilla, Alejandro (November 9, 2012). "Alejandro García Padilla letter to Barack Obama".

· Post Store. "A good deal for the District and Puerto Rico". Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2014-03-24.

· "Puerto Rican statehood By Boston Herald Editorial Staff". Bostonherald.com. 2012-11-25. Retrieved 2014-03-24.

· Kasperowicz, Pete (November 8, 2012). "Congress expected to ignore Puerto Rico's vote for statehood". The Hill.

· Serrano: Plebiscite an “Earthquake” in Puerto Rican Politics Retrieved December 6, 2012.

· Pierluisi, Pedro (November 13, 2012). "Pedro Pierluisi letter to Barack Obama".

· "Governor of Puerto Rico Letter to the President - Official Results of the 2012 Puerto Rico Political Status Plebiscite". Docs.google.com. Retrieved 2014-03-24.

· García Padilla, Alejandro (November 9, 2012). "Alejandro García Padilla letter to Barack Obama".

· "Pierluisi Introduces Historic Legislation", Puerto Rico Report, May 15, 2013. Retrieved on May 15, 2013.

· " Sen. Martin Heinrich Presents Bill Seeking Puerto Rico Statehood", Fox News Latino, February 12, 2014. Retrieved on February 14, 2014.

· "U.S. approves funds for referendum on Puerto Rico's status". January 16, 2014. Retrieved January 19, 2014.

· Jump up ^ "Make room for 51st star? Spending bill includes $2.5 million for vote on "The Federalist No. 43". Constitution.org. October 18, 1998. Retrieved March 29, 2012.

· D.C. Statehood: Not Without a Constitutional Amendment, August 27, 1993, The Heritage Foundation.

· James, Randy (February 26, 2009). "A Brief History of Washington D.C". Time. Retrieved March 29, 2012.

· Richards, Mark David (Spring–Summer 2004). "The Debates over the Retrocession of the District of Columbia, 1801–2004". Washington History (Historical Society of Washington, D.C.).

· "Guam ponders Northern Marianas reunification". Radio Australia. May 27, 2008. Retrieved January 14, 2012.

· Miculka, Cameron (28 August 2014). "Decolonization Registry fails to meet minimum". Pacific Daily News. Retrieved 16 September 2014.

· Miculka, Cameron (28 August 2014). "Plebiscite appeal heard: 9th Circuit judges take on political status vote". Pacific Daily News. Retrieved 16 September 2014.

· Bloom, Tristyn (27 August 2014). "US Territory Bars Retired Air Force Major From Voting Because He’s White". Daily Caller. Retrieved 16 September 2014.

· Atencia, Romulo (June 27, 2012). "Statehood". Catanduanes Tribune.

· "Facts about Nationalist Party: place in Philippine history, as discussed in Philippines: The period of U.S. influence:". eb.com. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved December 21, 2009.

ГЛОСАРІЙ

1) Subdivision -[ suhb -di-vizh- uh n] noun

· the act or fact of subdividing.

· a product of subdividing, as a section of a department.

· a portion of land divided into lots for real-estate development.

· Botany, Mycology. a category of related classes within a division or phylum.

 

2) Geopolitics -[jee-oh- pol -i-tiks] noun,

· the study or the application of the influence of political and economicgeography on the politics, national power, foreign policy, etc., of astate.

· the combination of geographic and political factors influencing ordelineating a country or region.

· a national policy based on the interrelation of politics and geography.

· a Nazi doctrine that a combination of political, geographic, historical,racial, and economic factors substantiated Germany's right to expandits borders and control various strategic land masses and naturalresources.

 

3) Deurbanize-[dee-ur-b uh -nahyz] verb,(used with object)

· to divest (a city or locality) of urban characteristics.

 

4) Demarcation -[dee-mahr- key -shuh n] noun

· the determining and marking off of the boundaries of something.

· separation by distinct boundaries:line of demarcation.

 

5) Delimitate -[dih- lim -i-teyt] verb (used with object),

· delimitated, delimitating.

 

6) Emigration- [em-i- grey -sh uh n] noun

· an act or instance of emigrating.

· a body of emigrants; emigrants collectively.

· Physiology, diapedesis.

7) Infrastructure-[ in -fr uh -struhk-cher] noun

· the basic, underlying framework or features of a system ororganization.

· the fundamental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or area,as transportation and communication systems, power plants, and schools.

· the military installations of a country.

 

8) Colony -[kol-uh-nee] noun, plural colonies.

· a group of people who leave their native country to form in a new landa settlement subject to, or connected with, the parent nation.

· the country or district settled or colonized:

· Many Western nations are former European colonies.

· any people or territory separated from but subject to a ruling power.

· the Colonies, those British colonies that formed the original 13 statesof the United States: New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island,Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland,Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.

· a number of people coming from the same country, or speaking thesame language, residing in a foreign country or city, or a particularsection of it; enclave:

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· any group of individuals having similar interests, occupations, etc.,usually living in a particular locality; community:

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· the district, quarter, or dwellings inhabited by any such number or group.

 

 

9) Confederation- [kuh n-fed-uh-rey-shuh n] noun

· the act of confederating.

· the state of being confederated.

· a league or alliance.

· a group of confederates, especially of states more or less permanentlyunited for common purposes.

· the Confederation, the union of the 13 original U.S. states under theArticles of Confederation 1781–89. (initial capital letter) the federation of Ontario, Quebec, NewBrunswick, and Nova Scotia, formed in 1867 and constituting theDominion of Canada.

 

10) Megalopolis -[meg-uh-lop-uh-lis] noun

· a very large city.

· an urban region, especially one consisting of several large cities andsuburbs that adjoin each other.

 

· Metropolis-[mi-trop-uh-lis] noun, plural metropolises.

· any large, busy city.

· the chief, and sometimes capital, city of a country, state, or region.

· a central or principal place, as of some activity:

· the music metropolis of France.

· the mother city or parent state of a colony, especially of an ancientGreek colony.

· the chief see of an ecclesiastical province.

 

11) Nation -[ney-shuh n] noun

· a large body of people, associated with a particular territory, that issufficiently conscious of its unity to seek or to possess a governmentpeculiarly its own:

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· the nations of Central America.

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12) Region -[ree-juh n] noun

· an extensive, continuous part of a surface, space, or body:

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13) Federation- [fed-uh-rey-shuh n] noun

· the act of federating or uniting in a league.

· the formation of a political unity, with a central government, by anumber of separate states, each of which retains control of its owninternal affairs.

· a league or confederacy.

· a federated body formed by a number of nations, states, societies,unions, etc., each retaining control of its own internal affairs.

 

14) State -[steyt] noun

· the condition of a person or thing, as with respect to circumstances orattributes:

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· status, rank, or position in life; station:

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· Expand

· adjective

· of or pertaining to the central civil government or authority.

· made, maintained, or chartered by or under the authority of one of thecommonwealths that make up a federal union:

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· Idioms

· lie in state, (of a corpse) to be exhibited publicly with honors beforeburial:

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15) District -[dis-trikt] noun

· a division of territory, as of a country, state, or county, marked off foradministrative, electoral, or other purposes.

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· British. a subdivision of a county or a town.

· the District, the District of Columbia; Washington, D.C.

· verb (used with object)

· to divide into districts.

 

16) Annexation -[an-ik-sey-shuh n, -ek-] noun

· the act or an instance of annexing, especially new territory.

· the fact of being annexed.

· something annexed.

 

17) Senate -[sen-it] noun

· an assembly or council of citizens having the highest deliberativefunctions in a government, especially a legislative assembly of a stateor nation.

· (initial capital letter) the upper house of the legislature of certaincountries, as the United States, France, Italy, Canada, Ireland, Republicof South Africa, Australia, and some Latin American countries.

· the room or building in which such a group meets.

· Roman History. the supreme council of state, the membership andfunctions of which varied at different periods.

· a governing, advisory, or disciplinary body, as in certain universities.

 

 

18) Congress -[n. kong-gris; v. kuh n-gres, kuh ng-] noun

· the national legislative body of the U.S., consisting of the Senate, orupper house, and the House of Representatives, or lower house, as acontinuous institution.

· the national legislative body of a nation, especially of a republic.

· a formal meeting or assembly of representatives for the discussion,arrangement, or promotion of some matter of common interest.

· the act of coming together; an encounter; meeting.

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· familiar relations; dealings; intercourse.

· coitus; sexual intercourse.

· verb (used without object)

· to assemble together; meet in congress.

 

19) Residency -[rez-i-duh n-see] noun, plural residencies.

· residence

· the position or tenure of a medical resident.

· (formerly) the official residence of a representative of the Britishgovernor general at a native Indian court.

· (formerly) an administrative division of the Dutch East Indies.