Isaac Newton — the Great English Scientist
Isaac Newton was a great English scientist. He was born in 1642 in a little village in Lincolnshire: Newton’s father was a farmer and died before his son’s birth. When Newton was 15, his uncle removed him from school because he wanted to make a farmer of him. But a young Isaac was a bad farmer and his uncle sent him to the University of Cambridge. After graduation from the University he became a professor of Mathematics and lectured at Cambridge for more than 30 years. In 1665 the great plague broke in England and Cambridge was closed — Newton had to return home for eighteen months. It was the most important period in his life when he made his three great discoveries — those of the differential calculuses, of the nature of white light and of the law of gravitation. He advanced an idea that light consisted of small particles — corpuscles (today the scientists call them photons). Later on he, however, came to the conclusion that light had a dual nature, namely, it was a combination of the corpuscles and the ethereal waves. Newton was also interested in the problem of what was the cause of the motion of the planets. He came to the conclusion that the force that kept the planets in the orbits round the Sun was the same force that caused objects to fall onto the ground, namely, the force of gravity. A popular legend says that he made this discovery while observing the fall of an apple from a tree in his garden. But only in 1684 Newton published his famous book the “ Principia ” in which he explained the movement of the planets and laid down the law of universal gravitation. This book made a great contribution to Physics and Mathematics: the publication of the “Principia” was compared to a sunrise, but Newton himself was always modest. Newton was not only theorist but a great inventor, too: he invented a mirror telescope. The demonstration of the mirror telescope made a great impression on the contemporaries and in 1672 Newton was elected a member of the Royal Scientific Society. In 1695 Newton was appointed an inspector at the Royal Mint; there he was in charge of coining new English money. In 1703 Newton was elected a President of the Royal Scientific Society. For the last time he attended its meeting in February, 1727. On March 20, the same year he died and was buried in Westminster Abbey. There is a monument to Newton in Trinity College at Cambridge with the inscription: “ Newton Who Surpassed All Men of Science”. plague[pleig] - чума the differential calculuses [ ΄kælkjulәsis] – диференціальне числення the nature of white light – природа денного світла the law of gravitation – закон тяжіння to advance an idea – висунути ідею a corpuscle [ko: ΄pΛsl] - частка, корпускула a dual nature [ ΄dju:әl] – подвійна природа namely – саме, тобто the ethereal waves [i ΄Өiriәl] - ефірні (неземні) хвилі to come to the conclusion – прийти до висновку the force of gravity [ ΄græviti] - сила тяжіння to make a great contribution to – зробити великий внесок у a theorist [΄Өiәrist]- теоретик the mirror telescope[ ΄teliskәup] – дзеркальний телескоп to make a great impression on – справити велике враження на the contemporaries [kәn ΄temp(ә)rәriz]- сучасники to be appointed – бути призначеним the Royal Mint – Королівський монетний двір to be in charge of – бути за старшого, командувати coining - карбування the inscription - напис Exercise 4. Answer the questions: 1. When and where was Isaac Newton born? 2. Why did his uncle remove him from school? 3. Where did his uncle send him? Why? 4. Why did Newton have to return home in 1665? 5. When did Newton make his three great discoveries? What were they? 6. What idea did Newton advance? 7. What conclusion did he come to? 8. What does a popular legend say about Newton? 9. What famous book did Newton publish? What did he explaine in it? 10. What made a great impression on Newton’s contemporaries? 11. Whom was he elected? 12. Where was Newton buried?
Exercise 5. Complete the sentences with the words from the box:
1. Isaac Newton was a great... scientist. 2. Newton’s father was....and died before his son’s.... 3. A young Isaac was a bad farmer and his uncle sent him to the University of.... 4. After graduation from the University he became a professor of.... 5. He... at Cambridge for more than 30 years. 6. In 1665 the great... broke in England and Cambridge was closed. 7. He advanced an idea that light consisted of small particles —.... 8. The force of... caused objects to fall onto the ground. 9. Newton invented a... telescope. 10. The demonstration of the mirror telescope made a great impression on his.... 11. In 1672 Newton was elected a... of the Royal Scientific Society. 12 In 1703 Newton was elected a... of the Royal Scientific Society. 13. There is a monument to Newton in Trinity... at Cambridge. 14. The... on a monument to Newton is: “Newton Who Surpassed All Men of Science”. Exercise 6. Matching. Which of the objects: 1. lazer
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