Structure Study. Can/to be able to Present Past Future Can am/is/are able to Could was/were able to - will be able to

 

Can/to be able to
Present	Past	Future
Can am/is/are able to	Could was/were able to	- will be able to
Meaning	Example
Can: 1)physical, mental ability 2) permission 3) request 4) prohibition Could: 1)the past of “can”   2) a possibility in the past or present	They can control their own budgets. You can conduct an experiment here. Can you do me a favor? You can’t smoke in the hospital.   My daughter couldn’t play the piano when she was four. They could have gone to the theatre but decided to stay at home.

 

A) Complete the following sentences using “can”, “could”, “to be able to”. Explain their meaning in each case:

1) The burden will fall on me but I …… carry it.

2) I …… never understand what made her fly the nest so early.

3) When a body …… do work it is said to possess energy.

4) How …… the motion be explained?

5) I’ afraid you …… go out to dances until your leg is better.

6) Look over there, ……. you see that house in the distance?

7) He …… to walk in two months.

8) Why did you stay at home last Saturday night? We …… have gone to the club together!

9) …… you hear that strange noise?

 

May/to be allowed to
Present	Past	Future
may am/is/are allowed to	might was/were allowed to	- will be allowed to
Meaning	Example
1) future possibility 2) permission 3) reproach (only might)	China may become a major economic power. May I have another cup of coffee? You might have checked the result twice.

 

B) Complete the following sentences using “may”, “might”, “to be allowed to”. Explain their meaning in each case:

1) You …… use dictionaries at the exam.

2) …… I ask you a question?

3) I think they ……. go with us tomorrow.

4) The answer …… give the key to the whole problem.

5) After they had finished their homework, the children …… watch TV.

6) A body ……. be divided into separate tiny particles.

7) He …… come today or tomorrow.

8) You ……. have told me about it long ago.

9) He asked if he …… bring his sister to the party.

 

Must/have to/be to
Present	Past	Future
must have/has to am/is/are to	must had to was/were to	- will have to -
Meaning	Example
Must: 1)Necessity or compulsion, total obligation 2) a command, an urgent request 3) prohibition   Have to: obligation or necessity arising out of circumstances To be to: 1) an arrangement, part of a plan 2) a strict order	You must say good bye. It’s ten past eleven already. He must leave immediately.   They mustn’t disrupt the work more than necessary.   She will have to finish the other books before the final exam.   The expedition is to start in a month.   You are to attend the lecture.

 

C) Complete the following sentences using “must”, “have to”, “be to”. Explain their meaning in each case:

 

1) I …… hurry, I …… warn him of the danger.

2) As soon as the shell is shot from the gun it …… overcome the resistance of the air.

3) I can't meet you on Friday. I ……. work.

4) You …… report to the captain.

5) It is six o'clock. She ……. have come home.

6) He decided he …… speak to the doctor himself.

7) We …… start off at dawn.

8) It occurred to Max that he …… have said the wrong thing.

9) She …… take her things and leave immediately.

 

Should/ought to
Meaning	Example
1)moral obligation (less compulsive than “must”) 2) advice 3) disapproval 4) reproach, regret, criticism of the past action	A man should care about the environment.   I think we should check everything again. You shouldn’t ignore the traffic regulations. She should have sorted out this problem at once.

 

D) Complete the following sentences using “should”, “ought to”. Explain their meaning in each case:

 

1) Her son looks pale. He …… play out-of-doors.

2) You are ill. You …… run on rainy days.

3) His brother has measles. He …… be isolated.

4) Kate …… have seen a dentist long ago.

5) You …… stand in the presence of the Queen.

6) You …… say sorry to your teacher for being late. It's only polite.

7) You……. go and see Granny. You know how happy it makes her.

8) You …… have done it at once.

9) Families …… spend more time talking, instead of just watching the TV.

 

Need/needn’t
Meaning	Example
Need: 1)necessity Needn’t: 1)absence of necessity   2) something that has been done, was unnecessary	Children need a good balanced diet.   You needn't come in to work today if you are not feeling well. You needn't have done all the exercises in writing.

 

E) Complete the following sentences using “need”, “needn’t”. Explain their meaning in each case:

 

1) She …… go to church if she doesn't want to. It's not obligatory.

2) You …… go to the shop. I've already bought the milk.

3) He …… have gone in to work today, as the boss decided to close the office.

4) If you want to pass all your exams, you …… to make a good study plan.

5) You …… bother washing up. I'll do it in the morning.

6) You …… pay now. You can pay me next week.

7) If there's anything you ……, let me know.

 

F) Complete the following sentences using appropriate modal verbs (must, may, can, need, to have to, to be able to, should):

1. It is already nine o'clock. We …… hurry if we don't want to be late.

2. They spent all the morning on the river bank. Only Ann …… return home as she …… not stay in the sun for such a long time.

3. -…… you help me now?

-I am afraid not: I am in a great hurry. I shall be free in the evening. Come to my place at about seven, and I …… help you.

4. Ben …… not tell us the rules of the game: we know them.

5. - …… I return the book to you on Saturday? I am afraid I …… not finish it before.

- No, that is too late. You …… bring it to me not later than Thursday.

6. 7. -…… you translate this text into German?

-I think I ……

7. You …… not come to help them tomorrow: the work is done.

8. You …… not change the whole text as the beginning is all right. You …… only rewrite the final part of it.

9. The manager isn't here, he's …… go to Paris on urgent business.

10. This pullover's got holes in it, I …… get a new one.

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