Topical Vocabulary. Friendship is something that cannot be bought or sold

Friendship is something that cannot be bought or sold. It happens naturally between people having something in common or being close to each other. There are some factors which influence the quality, nature or depth of friendship. Having some kind of thing that you can laugh about really keeps people together.

Every summer I attend a large gathering. I’m sure to see many of me friends each year as we find this to be very useful. Among them I think of the good times we have spent together. I still have feelings of love and warmth towards my friends.

A lot of people think that in order to keep friendship strong it’s important to live in close intimacy with each other to be able to meet regularly. There is something about old friends, maybe over a long time trust builds up. Even if a person does wrong or selfish you can forgive him because you know his temper and habits.

I must say that it’s rather difficult to make friends with some people even if we have similar interests. Although people mostly find friends of around their own age it’s not important how old they are. The real are equal relations and possibility to talk about feelings, problems and hopes.

To sum up, I must say that friend is a man who will understand you and tell you everything and he doesn’t have any secrets from you.

 

Russia

 

Russia is one of the largest countries in the world. The vast territory of Russia lies in the eastern part of Europe and the northern part of Asia.

Russia is washed by twelve seas and three oceans. The oceans are: the Arctic, the Atlantic, the Pacific. The seas are: the White Sea, the Barents Sea, the Okhotsk Sea, the Black Sea, the Baltic Sea and others.

Russia borders on many countries, such as Mongolia and China in the south-east, Finland and Norway in the north-west, and so on.

The land of Russia varies very much from forests to desert, from high mountains to deep valleys. The main mountain chains are the Urals, the Caucasus and the Altai. There are a lot of great rivers and deep lakes on its territory. The longest rivers are the Volga in Europe and the Ob, the Yenisei and the Lena in Asia. The largest lakes are Ladoga and Baikal. Baikal is the deepest lake in the world and its water is the purest on earth.

The Russian Federation is rich in natural and mineral resources. It has deposits of oil, gas, coal, iron, gold and many others.

The current population of Russia is more than 150 million people. The European part of the country is densely peopled, and most population live in cities and towns and their outskirts.

The capital of the Russian Federation is Moscow, with the population of about 10 million people.

Russia is a presidential republic. It is one of the leading powers in the world.

 

Topical Vocabulary

 

vast territory - обширная, огромная террито­рия

to lie - лежать, находиться

to be washed by - омываться (чем-либо)

to border on - граничить с (чем-либо)

to vary from smth. to smth. - варьировать, изменяться от чего-либо до чего-либо

a desert – пустыня

a valley – долина

a mountain chain - горная цепь

pure – чистый

to be rich in smth. - быть богатым чем-либо

natural and mineral resources - природные ресурсы и полезные ископаемые

a deposit of smth. - месторождение чего-либо

oil – нефть

gas – газ

coal – уголь

iron – железо

gold – золото

the current population - население в настоящий момент

to be densely peopled - быть густонаселенным

outskirts – пригороды

the capital – столица

a presidential republic - президентская республика

a power – держава

 

Answer the questions:

1. Where does the vast territory of Russia lie?

2. What oceans and seas is Russia washed by?

3. What countries does Russia border on?

4. What are the main mountain chains, rivers and lakes in Russia?

5. What mineralresources are there in Russia?

6. What is the population of Russia?

7. What is the form of government in Russia?

Translate into English:

 

1. Россия расположена в восточной части Европы и северной части Азии.

2. Обширная территория России омывается Северным Ледовитым, Атлантическим и Тихим океанами.

3. Россия граничит с Монголией, Китаем, Финляндией и другими странами.

4. Россия располагает большим количеством месторождений полез­ных ископаемых.

5. Полезные ископаемые России включают (include) нефть, газ, уголь, железо, золото и др.

6. Форма правления (form of government) в России, одной из ведущих мировых держав, - президентская республика.