В Underline the correct words in brackets. (NOT SO) MERRY-GO-ROUND!
The customers at the funfair were leaving 1( and but) the lights were going out. The last two people on dodgem cars paid 2(and/so) left. The big wheel stopped 3(for/and) the merry-go-round stopped 4(as well/not only). The stalls closed down 5(so/and) the stall-owners went home. At 2 a.m. four night-watchmen walked round the funfair, 6(but/so) there was no one to be seen. ‘I’m fed up walking round,' one of them said, 7(yet/and) what can we do?' 'We can 8(or/either) play cards 9(either/or) sit and talk.' They were bored, 10(Iso/for) there was nothing to do on this quiet warm night. 'We can have a ride on the merry-go-round!' one of them cried. 'That'll be fun!' Three of them jumped on merry-go-round horses 11(yet/and) the fourth started the motor. Then he jumped on too 12(and/but) round they went. They were having the time of their lives, 13(but/so) suddenly realized there was no one to stop the machine. They weren't rescued till morning 14(and/but) by then they felt very sick indeed!
1.5А Introduction to complex sentences(складно-підрядне речення) Noun clauses. [> leg 1.21] 1 We can join two or more simple sentences to make complex sentences:The alarm was raised. The fire was discovered. >The alarm was raised as soon as the fire was discovered. The alarm was raised when the fire was discovered. The alarm was raised after the fire was discovered. 2 We can use many different kinds of 'joining words' (or conjunctions) to make complex sentences: after, as soon as, when, since, that, if, so that, whether, etc. [> 1.5-10] 3 In a complex sentence there is one 'main' idea and one or more 'subordinate' ideas. We can take the main idea (or clause) out of the sentence so that it stands on its own: The alarm was raised is a main clause. it can stand on its own... as soon as the fire was discovered cannot stand on its own. It is subordinate to the main clause. Write:Underline the main clauses in these sentences. 1 You can tell me all about the film after I've seen it myself. 2 When you've finished cleaning the car, you can help me with the dishes. 3 You didn't tell me that you were going to invite so many guests. 4 I walk to work every morning so that I can get some exercise. 5 Since no one answered my call, I left a message on the answer-phone.
1.5B Noun clauses derived from statements [ > leg 1.22-23,15.10-16, Apps 45-46] 1 A noun clause does the work of a noun. It answers the questions Who? or What?: He told me about his success,(told me about what?): his success is a 'noun phrase'. He told me that he had succeeded. (... what?): that he had succeeded is a noun clause. 2 We introduce noun clause statements with that after: - some adjectives: It's obvious that he's going to be late. - some nouns: It’s a pity that he's going to be late. - some verbs: I know that he's going to be late. 3 We often use noun clauses after 'reporting verbs' like say, tell (me), think, know [> 15.2-3]. We can often omit that. Instead of: I know that he's going to be late,we can say: I know he's going to be late. Write: Complete these sentences with noun clauses. 1 He feels angry. It's not surprising (that) he feels angry. 2 She has resigned from her job. It's a shame… 3 You don't trust me. It's annoying… 4 You are feeling better. I'm glad… 5 She's upset. I'm sorry… 6 He didn't get the contract. He told me… 7 It's a fair price. He believes… 8 You're leaving. He has guessed… 9 She's been a fool. She agrees…
1.5C Noun clauses derived from questions [> leg 1.24]
1 Has he signed the contract? is a direct Yes/No question. [> 13.1] 2 We can introduce a Yes/No question as a noun clause after if or whether. We use 'reporting verbs' like ask, tell me, want to know [> 15.4A]: Tell me if he has signed the contract. (Tell me what?): if he has signed the contract. Ask him whether he has signed it. (Ask him what): whether he has signed it.The word order changes back to subject + verb and we don't use a question mark.
1 When did you sign the contract? is a question-word question. [> 13.5-8] 2 We can introduce this as a noun clauseafter Tell me, I want to know, etc. The word order changes back to subject + verb and we don't use a question mark [> 15.4B]: Tell me when you signed the contract. (Not Теll mе when did you sign?) Write: Complete these sentences with noun clauses. 1 Has he passed his exam? I want to know if/whether he has passed his exam. 2 Can you type? You didn't say... 3 Will he arrive tomorrow? I wonder... 4 Does he like ice-cream? Ask him... 5 Was he at home yesterday? I'd like to know... 6 Should I phone her? I wonder... 7 Is she ready? Ask her... 8 When did you meet her? I want to know... 9 How will you manage? Tell me... 10 Why has he left? I wonder... 11 Where do you live? Tell me... 12 Which one does she want? Ask her...13 Who's at the door? I wonder… 14 What does he want? I'd like to know... 1.5DWrite: Underline nine noun clauses in this text. YOU DON'T KNOW YOUR OWN STRENGTH! I suppose you know you can turn into superwoman or superman in an emergency... Mrs Pam Weldon reported that her baby nearly slipped under the wheels of a car. Mrs Weldon weighs only 50 kilos, but she said she lifted the car to save her baby... Dr Murray Watson, a zoologist, wrote that he jumped nearly three metres into the air to grab the lowest branch of a tree when hyenas chased him in Kenya.... Perhaps you wonder if you can perform such feats. The chances are that you can. Doctors say that we can find great reserves of strength when we are afraid. It's well-known that adrenalin can turn us into superwomen or supermen! 1.6a The complex sentence: relative pronouns and clauses [> leg 1.25-33] 1 Suppose you want to write a paragraph like this: ‘The house we moved into is absolutely beautiful. The people who lived here before us took very great care of it. The garden, which is quite small, is lovely. I'm glad we moved. I don't think we'll ever regret the decision we made.’ If we want to speak or write like this, we have to master relative clauses. We introduce relative clauses with these relative pronouns: who, who(m), which, that and whose. 'Who', 'which' and 'that' as subjects of a relative clause [> LEG 1.27-31] 2 We use who or that to refer to people. We use them in place of noun or pronoun subjects (I, you, he, etc.) and we cannot omit them. They do not change when they refer to masculine, feminine, singular or plural: He is the man/She is the woman who/that lives here. (Not *He is the man who he... *) They are the men/the women who/ that live here. (Not *They are the men who they... *) 3 We use which or that (in place of noun subjects and it) to refer to animals and things: That's the cat which/that lives next door. Those are the cats which/that live next door. Here's a photo which/that shows my car. Here are some photos which/that show my car. Write:Join these sentences using who or which. (All of them will also join with that .) 1 He's the accountant. He does my accounts. He’s the accountant who does my accounts. 2 She's the nurse. She looked after me. 3 They're the postcards. They arrived yesterday. 4 They're the secretaries. They work in our office. 5 That's the magazine. It arrived this morning. 6 They're the workmen. They repaired our roof.
1.6B 'Who(m)', 'which’ and 'that' as objects of a relative clause [> leg 1.33-34] 1 We use who(m) or that to refer to people. We use them in place of noun objects or object pronouns (me, you, him, her, us, them, it). We often say who instead of whom when we speak. They do not change when they refer to masculine, feminine, singular or plural: He's the man/She's the woman who(m)/that I met. ( 2 We use which or that (in place of noun objects or it) to refer to animals and things: That's the cat which / that I photographed. Those are the cats which/that I photographed. That's the photo which/that I took. Those are the photos which/that I took. However, we usually omit which and that. We say: That's the cat I photographed. Those are the cats I photographed. That's the photo I took. Those are the photos I took. Write:Join these sentences with who(m),which or “–“. (All of them will join with that .) 1 He's the accountant. You recommended him to me. He's the accountant you recommended to me. 2 She's the nurse. I saw her at the hospital. 3 They're the postcards. I sent them from Spain. 4 They're the secretaries. Mr Pym employed them. 5 That's the magazine. I got it for you yesterday. 6 They're the workmen. I paid them for the job. 7 That's the dog! I saw it at the dog show last week. 8 They're the birds. I fed them this morning.
1.6C 'Who(m)', 'which' or 'that' as the objects of prepositions [> leg І.35-36] The position of prepositions in relative clauses is very important. We can say: 1 He is the person to whom I wrote. (Never to who*) (very formal) This is the pan in which I boiled the milk, (very formal)
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