Write: Supplymustn't or needn't/don't have to/haven't got to.

1 You don’t have to work such long hours. You won't earn any more. 2 They … wear a uniform. It's not obligatory. 3 She …leave the office last. She can go when she's ready. 4 You really … waste money like that. It worries your parents. 5 Visitors … enter the laboratories without permission. 6 We … always wear protective clothing in the factory. 7 You … go to the party if you don't want to. Nobody's forcing you. 8 He … do the job today, as long as it gets done some time this week. 9 Surely we … leave home yet. It's far too early to go to the station. 10 Passengers … smoke in the toilets.11 'Are you going to read the report?' - 'No, I … It's confidential.' 12 'Are you going to read the report?' - 'No, I … I already know what it says.' 13 You … attend the meeting tomorrow. It's for union officials only. 14 You … attend the meeting tomorrow. It's not important. 15 You … forget to pay the electricity bill, or we'll be cut off. 16 We … worry about Tom. He's just phoned to say he's all right.

 

11.10C 'Needn't have', 'didn't have to', 'didn't need to' [> LEG 11.57.1]

1 These sentences mean 'I went there, but it wasn't necessary':

I needn't have gone to the office yesterday (but I went). I didn't have to/didn't need to go to the office yesterday (but I went), (have and need are stressed in speech)

2 Compare didn't have to and didn't need to without stress:

I didn't have to go to the office yesterday. I didn't need to go to the office yesterday. (= I knew in advance it wasn't necessary to go to the office and I didn't go.)

Write: Supply needn't have or didn't have to and the correct form of the verbs in brackets. 1 I needn’t have phoned the plumber. I learnt later that John had already phoned him. (phone) 2 I … the plumber. I knew John had already phoned him. (phone) 3 You … your umbrella after all. It hasn't rained, (bring) 4 The forecast was for fine weather so I knew I … my umbrella, (bring) 5 I … these clothes. I didn't know they had already been washed, (wash) 6 I … a meal last night because we went out and the food I prepared was uneaten, (cook)

 

11.10D 'Shouldn't have' and 'oughtn't to have' [> LEG 11.57.2] We often use shouldn't have (done) or oughtn't to have (done) to criticize our own actions or someone else's: I/You shouldn't have paid/oughtn't to have paid the plumber in advance.

Write: Respond to these statements with shouldn't have done that or oughtn't to have done that.

1 I had to stop on the motorway You shouldn’t have done that. 2 John read your letter … 3 Frank and Jane sat in the sun all day … 4 Jane left the front door unlocked … 5 I borrowed your car this morning…

 

11.10E Context Write: Put in didn't need to, must not, shouldn't have and should have. HOW TO CATCH YOUR MAN 'Candidates 1 must not attempt more than four questions.' The young candidate for the law exam was very well-prepared and2 …be told what to do. The results were brilliant. The paper achieved the third highest score out of 7,000 papers! But the examiners were puzzled. Mr Paul Blake 3 … achieved such a high score. This candidate had failed this exam three times already. Then the truth became known. The candidate was not Mr Paul Blake, as it4 … been. His wife had gone instead. Mrs Alison Blake, a brilliant lawyer, had dressed up as a man. The fraud was discovered because an examiner had noticed that the candidate was visibly pregnant!

 

11.11 Modals to express habit: 'used to', 'will' and 'would'

11.11A The form of 'used to' [> LEG 11.59]

1 Used to is only a simple past form. If you want to say I am in the habit of, you must use the simple present [> 9.1 B]: I get up early every day. (Not I use to get up early*)

2 We often use do and did + use (Not *used*) to form questions and negatives: Did you use to smoke? I didn't use to smoke. (Not *Did you used to* I didn't used to*) We also use never to form the negative: I never used to smoke. (Used not to is rare.)

3 Note the use of did: He used to live in Manchester, didn't he? (rather than usedn't he?) Did you use to live here? - Yes, I did./ No, I didn 't. He used to live here and so did I.

Write: Supply the missing forms in the following.

1 She used to be a singer, didn’t she? 2 He never used to have grey hair … he? 3 We … enjoy physics, did we? (not/used to) 4 … smoke when you were young? (you/used to) 5 Did you use to smoke? - Yes, I … 6 He used to work here and so … I. 7 Where … live? (you/used to) 8 You … (not/used to) eat so much.

 

11.11B Uses of 'used to' [> LEG 11.60-62]

1 We use the simple past or used to to refer to past habit.

We need a time reference with the simple past [> 9.3C], but not with used to: I collected stamps when I was a child. >I used to collect stamps (when I was a child). (Not *I was collecting stamps when I was a child* [> 9.4B])

2 We use used to to make a contrast between past and present with expressions like: but now..., but not any more, but not any longer: I used to eat a large breakfast, but I don't any longer.

3 Used to can also refer to past states: She used to be very punctual (but she isn't any more).

Write: Fill in the blanks with forms of used to or the past progressive (e.g. was living).

1 We used to go for long walks in the country when my father was alive, (go) 2 I … getting up early when I was very young. In fact, I still don't like it. (like) 3 … you …eating vegetables when you were young? (like) 4 I …drive to get to work, but I don't any longer, (have to) 5 I never …Sundays, but I do now. (enjoy) 6 I …a bath when you phoned me. (have) 7 She … an employee at the post office before she started her own business, (be) 8 There …open fields all round our town when I was a boy. (be) 9 John and I … abroad last year, (work) 10 … it …here yesterday? (rain)

11.11C 'Would' in place of 'used to' and in place of the simple past [> LEG 11.61]

When we are 'remembering the past', we sometimes use would in place of used to.

First we set the scene with used to, then we continue with would: When I was a boy we always spent/used to spend our holidays on a farm. We would get up at 5 and we'd help milk the cows. Then we'd return to the kitchen for breakfast.

Write: Underline instances where we could use would in place of the simple past or used to:

From the time he was very young, Gerald used to spend all his spare time collecting birds, animals and insects of all kinds. Every morning he used to get up early and go first to the beach. There he caught small crabs and sometimes small fishes, which he put into a large jar and took home with him. On the way, he always used to go to an ruined fisherman's cottage where he was often lucky enough to find some unusual insect that he had never seen before.

11.11D 'Will/would' to describe 'usual behaviour' [> LEG 11 63 64]

We sometimes use will in place of the simple present [> 9.1 B] and would 'in place of the simple past [> 9.3C] to refer to a person's 'usual behaviour': In fine weather he will often sit in the sun for hours. (= he often sits) As he grew old, he would often talk about his war experiences. (= he often talked)

Write: Use a phrase with will or would in place of the words in italics.

1 She always used to tell us a story before we went to bed … > would always tell 2 She still tells us a story occasionally … 3 They only used to discuss family matters with the priest … 4 He's very good, you know. He plays with that toy for hours on end … 5 When he needed extra money, he used to work overtime … 6 She doesn't always tell the truth, I'm afraid …

11.11E Context. Put in appropriate forms of the past, used to, will or would. Alternatives are possible. WATER, WATER, EVERYWHERE! The thing I remember most about my childhood was my visits to my aunt Charlotte in her lovely country house. She (be)1 was. a remarkable woman by any standards. She (be)2 … really skilled at water-divining and she (find) 3 … water on the most unpromising bits of land. The farmers (love)4 …her, especially as she (never accept) 5 … money for water-divining. 'Water (always find)6… its own level,' she (say) 7… 'and I know exactly where that level is. Water-divining is a gift from God and you don't accept payment for that.' She had a gift for noticing changes in the weather, too. 'It's going to rain soon,' she (say)8 … 'I can feel it in my bones,' and she (always be)9 …right! In her later years, she developed a bad back and (often visit)10 … her osteopath. She (never tire)11… of telling us that her osteopath (say)12 …, as he massaged her painful back, 'It's going to rain, Charlotte. I can feel it in your bones!'