Упражнение 58
A. Местоимение it может выполнять функцию фор Проанализируйте сложно-подчинённые предложения и найдите ядро в главном предложении с формальным подлежащим it и ядро придаточного предложения. Б. На русский язык формальное подлежащее it не переводится, а вся конструкция передаётся безличным предложением. Например: It is known that... Известно, что... B. Переведите предложения. 1. It is estimated that erythrocytes are the most numerous cellular elements. 2. It is postulated by a number of authorities that viruses may be only one of several 3. It is thought that many birth defects result from extremely complex interactions 4. It was found that different parts of the heart beat at different rates. 5. In addition to hemoglobin, it has been found that there are at least two other 6. It has been estimated that there are between one and two million islets in the 7. It has long been known that smooth muscle is more susceptible to chemical 8. For many years it has been recognized that cells need calcium to function because 9. It can be realized that formation of bile is controlled by certain hormone.
10. It must be realized that reflexes may occur at different levels of the central 11. It should be realized that even when the muscle is at rest it remains slightly 12. It should be pointed out that heredity and evolution are important in the 13. It must be kept in mind that oxygen is considered a drug and should be prescribed 14. It is now recognised that practically every chemical reaction that occurs within 15. It is believed that hypothalamus has a regulatory function for both the sympa 16. In the early 1940s, it was suspected that ribonucleic acid (RNA) was involved in Упражнение 59 A. Местоимение it носит формальный характер в кон Найдите в предложениях усилительную конструкцию с формальным // и определите, какой член предложения подчёркивается ею. Б. На русский язык усилительный оттенок чаще всего передаётся словами именно, только, подчёркивая значение существительного, причём формальное it и союз не переводятся. Например: It is the formed elements which give blood its viscosity. Именно форменные элементы придают вязкость крови. It is in the capillaries that exchange of gases takes place. Именно в капиллярах происходит обмен газов. B. Переведите предложения. 1. It is the red marrow that makes the red cells of blood. 2. It is the S-A node (sinoatrial) that is the pacemaker of human heart. 3. It is DNA in the nucleus that stores the vital information. 4. It is the extracellular fluid that supplies the cells with nutrients and other substances 5. It is only in certain organs such as the liver and the lungs that every cell is in 6. It is largely in the liver that toxic substances which might damage the cells are 7. It is mainly the neutrophils and the monocytes that attack and destroy invading 8. It is in the gallbladder that stones form, because it is here that the bile is 9. Bile salts inhibit the growth of some microorganisms in the upper part of the
10. Capillaries are functionally the most important part of the circulatory system 11. Before the 16th century individual doctors had frequently doubted Galen's authority 12. It was Pasteur [pcr.s'ta: ] (1822 — 1895) who, by a brilliant series of experiments, Упражнение 60 A. Местоимение it носит формальный характер в уси It was not until + дата/событие + that... Найдите в предложениях усилительную конструкцию и определите, какая дата или событие подчёркивается ею. Б. На русский язык эта усилительная конструкция обычно передаётся словом только, а местоимение it и союз that не переводятся. Например: It was not until the 1960's that relationships among nutrition, immunity and health were established. Только в шестидесятых годах (XX века) была установлена взаимосвязь между питанием, иммунитетом и здоровьем человека. B. Переведите предложения. 1. It was not until the Renaissance that Europeans began to seek a scientific basis 2. It was not until the Middle ages that the details of circulation were discovered. 3. It was not until 1616 that W. Harvey ['ha: rvi: ] announced his revolutionary disco 4. It was not until late in the Middle Ages that a belief that nerves were hollow and 5. Hooke [huk] (1635— 1703)recognized the cellular structure of plants in 1665, but 6. It was not until the 20th century that aspirin was first synthetically duplicated. 7. It was not until 1893 that a Japanese scientist Kitasato ['kita: 'sa: tD: ] showed that 8. Bartholin [ba: 'toulm] (1616 — 1680) found an association of diabetes with pancreatic 9. It was not until 1939 that Cannon ['кэепэп], an eminent American physiologist,
10. It was not until after the Second World War that cardiovascular surgery emerged 11. Heart transplantation was first achieved in animals in 1959, but it was not until 12. It was not until 1980 that WHO (World Health Organization) declared that smallpox Упражнение 61 A. Местоимение it также носит формальный харак it takes (сущ.)+период времени+(for сущ.) to do..., а вся фраза указывает на период времени, требующийся для выполнения какого-либо действия. Найдите усилительную конструкцию в каждом предложении и определите, для выполнения какого действия требуется указанный период времени. Б. На русский язык формальное it не переводится, а смысл фразы с данной конструкцией передаётся с помощью слов требуется, необходимо затратить. Перевод нередко начинают с указания действия или процесса, в связи с которым упомянут соответствующий период времени. Например: It usually takes about 6 weeks for a broken bone to knit together. Для того, чтобы сломанная кость срослась, обычно требуется около шести недель. B. Переведите предложения. 1. It takes cancer 15 to 30 years to develop from asbestos. 2. It takes from 30 to 40 hours for food to travel the length of the alimentary canal. 3. When food is swallowed it takes about 12 seconds for it to reach the stomach. 4. The amount of time it takes for blood to travel through the digestive system 5. Depending on body weight and other factors, it takes the average adult nearly 6. In spite of the comparatively small size of the insulin molecule, it took a long 7. It takes longer for hormones to produce changes in body processes that it does 8. It takes only nine hours for food to reach the large intestine, but it may take one 9. Although these neurological effects usually are reversible, especially if caught in 10. The first report of spinal cord stimulation was published 30 years age, but it has taken years for the pharmaceutical industry to refine the technigue to be suitable for clinical needs and for clinicians to appreciate its full potential in selected cases. РАЗДЕЛ 11 Служебное слово as Упражнение 62 А. Служебное слово as может иметь значения разных частей речи. В значении предлога или наречия as переводится на русский язык " как", " в качестве". Б. Переведите предложения с предлогом as. 1. Lymph acts as a " middle-man" between the tissues of the body and the blood. 2. The spleen acts as filter against foreign organisms that infect the bloodstream. 3. The membrane of a red blood cell acts as an envelope. 4. The skin through its sensory innervation acts also as sense organ for the perception 5. Enzymes are special proteins which act as biological catalysts in cells. 6. As a metabolic organ, the kidney is responsible for the constancy of acid-base 7. As an exocrine organ, the pancreas has an important digestive function. 8. The cell is regarded as the smallest unit of living matter that can live independently 9. Although a part of the immune system, skin is often viewed as simply a barrier
10. Blood is carried throughout the body in a closed system of tubes known collectively 11. Water is excreted in expired air, as a constituent of the faeces, through the skin 12. Increase in the white cells in infection is known as leucocytosis. 13. The larynx and trachea are subject to the same viral and bacterial infections as 14. Lung cancer has now surpassed breast cancer as the primary cause of death. 15. All the structures and organs are held together by the connective tissue, made up 16. Substances in the body are regarded as waste materials if they cannot be used by Упражнение 63 А. Служебное слово as, выступая в роли союза, вводит придаточные предложения обстоятельства времени и причины. В зависимости от содержания предложений as может переводится на русский язык: а) " когда", " во время", " в процессе", " по мере того, как"; б) " так как", " поскольку". Б. Переведите предложения с союзом as. 1. Fibrin is a substance formed in the blood as it clots. 2. The lungs remove waste material (carbon dioxide) from the blood and expel it as 3. Calcium is essential for normal functioning of all body cells as it is mediator for 4. Bone cells replace cartilage as a person grows. 5. Measles can be a serious disease as it weakens the body resistance to other 6. The epidermis is constantly being renewed as dead cells are shed from its surface. 7. Accumulation of subcutaneous fluid must be watched carefully as they can
8. Close scrutiny of the skin is an important aspect of any physical examinations as 9. As the aorta reaches each organ, it branches to form arteries.
10. As the arteries get further from the heart, they branch into smaller and smaller 11. As the filtered blood passes through the nephron glucose, amino acids, mineral 12. As the blood travels from the arteries to the narrower vessels, its pressure falls as Упражнение64 А. Служебное слово as может входить в состав сложных союзов: as long as - " пока"; " в то время, как"; " по мере" и as soon as - " как только". Б. Переведите предложения с придаточными обстоятельственными, которые вводятся этими союзами. 1. The body commences its work of digestion as soon as food enters the mouth. 2. As soon as the baby is born its lungs inflate. 3. Normal kidney function can continue only as long as the processes of filtration, 4. Persons without spleens are vaccinated against pneumococcus and advised to 5. As soon as a blood vessel is cut, its lumen automatically constricts to reduce the 6. Many cholesterol gallstones can be dissolved without surgery as long as the 7. The antigen-antibody reaction begins as soon as substances interpreted as foreign 8. As long as the heart pumps the blood, the body gets the oxygen it needs. 9. Malignant hypertension is treated as a medical emergency as soon as it is diagnosed
10. As soon as Pasteur [pa: s'ta: ] in France and Koch [ko: kh] in Germany had shown 11. According to the experts, there is nothing unhealthy about eating chocolate, as 12. As new viruses are produced, they are released from the cell to infect other cells. 13. A number of studies have suggested that taking large amounts of vitamin С as 14. The adaptive mechanisms for maintaining normal volume and distribution of
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