Ex. 5. Read the sentences and translate them into Russian

1. The wooden sleepers are treated with creosote to prevent them from decay.

2. Box cars are used for carrying various kinds of freight, which require protection against unfavorable weather conditions.

3. Periodically, ballast is to be removed and replaced with clean ballast to ensure adequate drainage, especially if wooden ties are used.

4. The main disadvantages of steel sleepers are their high cost and the noise caused by trains passing over them.

5. A barbed-wire (колючая проволока) fence separates the railway embankment from the meadow to keep the livestock away from the track.

6. There are practically no curves and gradients (уклон) on the Paris-Lyon high-speed line.

7. Two gangs have been working 12-hour shifts to restore the section of the track damaged by the flood.

8. The main function of ballast is to drain the water away and to distribute (распределять) the load evenly over the track.

9. All first carriages had three main disadvantages: they were built of wood; they were heated with stoves, and they had an open platform at each end that was especially dangerous in case of an accident.

10. To ensure maximum stability of railway embankment, the earth must be put in layers and each layer is to be thoroughly compacted before the next is placed.

11. In Japan, railways play an extremely important role in passenger travel, although they continue to give way to competition from road and air transport.

12. Concrete crossties first appeared in Europe in 1868, mainly due to the shortage (нехватка) of durable wood in some countries.

13. Irish Rail has ordered a fleet of 67 new coaches from CAF, Spain, at a cost of Euros 117 million.

14. The aim of a tilting mechanism (механизм наклона кузова вагона) is to ensure fast and smooth running of the train on curves.

Ex. 6. Complete the sentences with a required verb from the list. Mind your grammar!